Thermal inkjet bioprinting triggers the activation of the VEGF pathway in human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro.

One biofabrication process that has gained tremendous momentum in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is cell-printing or most commonly bioprinting. We have shown that thermal inkjet bioprinted human microvascular endothelial cells were recruited or otherwise involved in the formation of microvasculature to form graft-host anastomoses upon implantation. The present study aims to quantify and characterize the expression and activation of specific cytokines and kinases in vitro.