Terahertz photon to dc current conversion via magnetic excitations of multiferroics.

Direct conversion from terahertz photon to charge current is a key phenomenon for terahertz photonics. Quantum geometrical description of optical processes in crystalline solids predicts existence of field-unbiased dc photocurrent arising from terahertz-light generation of magnetic excitations in multiferroics, potentially leading to fast and energy-efficient terahertz devices. Here, we demonstrate the dc charge current generation from terahertz magnetic excitations in multiferroic perovskite manganites with spin-driven ferroelectricity, while keeping an insulating state with no free carrier.

Photovoltaic effect by soft phonon excitation.

SignificanceThe quantum-mechanical geometric phase of electrons provides various phenomena such as the dissipationless photocurrent generation through the shift current mechanism. So far, the photocurrent generations are limited to above or near the band-gap photon energy, which contradicts the increasing demand of the low-energy photonic functionality. We demonstrate the photocurrent through the optical phonon excitations in ferroelectric BaTiO by using the terahertz light with photon energy far below the band gap.

Berry curvature generation detected by Nernst responses in ferroelectric Weyl semimetal.

The quest for nonmagnetic Weyl semimetals with high tunability of phase has remained a demanding challenge. As the symmetry-breaking control parameter, the ferroelectric order can be steered to turn on/off the Weyl semimetals phase, adjust the band structures around the Fermi level, and enlarge/shrink the momentum separation of Weyl nodes which generate the Berry curvature as the emergent magnetic field. Here, we report the realization of a ferroelectric nonmagnetic Weyl semimetal based on indium-doped Pb Sn Te alloy in which the underlying inversion symmetry as well as mirror symmetry are broken with the strength of ferroelectricity adjustable via tuning the indium doping level and Sn/Pb ratio.

Electric field control of natural optical activity in a multiferroic helimagnet.

Controlling the chiral degree of freedom in matter has long been an important issue for many fields of science. The spin-spiral order, which exhibits a strong magnetoelectric coupling, gives rise to chirality irrespective of the atomic arrangement of matter. Here, we report the resonantly enhanced natural optical activity on the electrically active magnetic excitation, that is, electromagnon, in multiferroic cupric oxide.

Defect tolerant zero-bias topological photocurrent in a ferroelectric semiconductor.

Lattice defect is a major cause of energy dissipation in conventional electric current due to the drift and diffusion motions of electrons. Different nature of current emerges when noncentrosymmetric materials are excited by light. This current, called the shift current, originates from the change in the Berry connection of electrons' wave functions during the interband optical transition.

Additive Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Effects of Ripasudil with Glaucoma Therapeutic Agents in Rabbits and Monkeys.

Ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate (K-115), a specific Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, is developed for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Topical administration of ripasudil decreases intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing conventional outflow through the trabeculae to Schlemm's canal, which is different from existing agents that suppress aqueous humor production or promote uveoscleral outflow. In this study, we demonstrated that ripasudil significantly lowered IOP in combined regimens with other glaucoma therapeutic agents in rabbits and monkeys.

Selenium-binding lactoferrin is taken into corneal epithelial cells by a receptor and prevents corneal damage in dry eye model animals.

The ocular surface is strongly affected by oxidative stress, which causes many ocular diseases including dry eye. Previously, we showed that selenium compounds, e.g.

Weyl fermions and spin dynamics of metallic ferromagnet SrRuO3.

Weyl fermions that emerge at band crossings in momentum space caused by the spin-orbit interaction act as magnetic monopoles of the Berry curvature and contribute to a variety of novel transport phenomena such as anomalous Hall effect and magnetoresistance. However, their roles in other physical properties remain mostly unexplored. Here, we provide evidence by neutron Brillouin scattering that the spin dynamics of the metallic ferromagnet SrRuO3 in the very low energy range of milli-electron volts is closely relevant to Weyl fermions near Fermi energy.

Vascular Normalization by ROCK Inhibitor: Therapeutic Potential of Ripasudil (K-115) Eye Drop in Retinal Angiogenesis and Hypoxia.

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of a Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor ripasudil (K-115) eye drop on retinal neovascularization and hypoxia.

Methods: In vitro, human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were pretreated with ripasudil and then stimulated with VEGF. ROCK activity was evaluated by phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target protein (MYPT)-1.

Effects of K-115 (Ripasudil), a novel ROCK inhibitor, on trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal endothelial cells.

Ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate (K-115), a specific Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, was the first ophthalmic solution developed for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension in Japan. Topical administration of K-115 decreased intraocular pressure (IOP) and increased outflow facility in rabbits. This study evaluated the effect of K-115 on monkey trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and Schlemm's canal endothelial (SCE) cells.

Species differences in metabolism of ripasudil (K-115) are attributed to aldehyde oxidase.

1. We examined the metabolism of ripasudil (K-115), a selective and potent Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, by in vitro and in vivo studies. 2.

Effects of K-115, a rho-kinase inhibitor, on aqueous humor dynamics in rabbits.

Purpose: To evaluate the topical instillation of K-115, a selective Rho-associated coiled coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, on intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular distribution, and aqueous humor dynamics in experimental animals.

Methods: Kinase inhibition by K-115 was measured by biochemical assay. IOP was monitored using a pneumatonometer in albino rabbits and monkeys after topical instillation of K-115.

Secondary psychoses: an update.

Psychotic disorders due to a known medical illness or substance use are collectively termed secondary psychoses. In this paper, we first review the historic evolution of the concept of secondary versus primary psychosis and how this distinction supplanted the earlier misleading classification of psychoses into organic and functional. We then outline the clinical features and approach to the diagnosis of secondary psychotic disorders.

Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia.

Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are pervasive, severe, and largely independent of the positive and negative symptoms of the illness. These deficits are increasingly considered to be core features of schizophrenia with evidence that the extent of cognitive impairment is the most salient predictor of daily functioning. Unfortunately, current schizophrenia treatment has been limited in addressing the cognitive deficits of the illness.

Magnetic stripes and skyrmions with helicity reversals.

It was recently realized that topological spin textures do not merely have mathematical beauty but can also give rise to unique functionalities of magnetic materials. An example is the skyrmion--a nano-sized bundle of noncoplanar spins--that by virtue of its nontrivial topology acts as a flux of magnetic field on spin-polarized electrons. Lorentz transmission electron microscopy recently emerged as a powerful tool for direct visualization of skyrmions in noncentrosymmetric helimagnets.

Synthesis of cubic SrCoO3 single crystal and its anisotropic magnetic and transport properties.

A large-size single crystal of nearly stoichiometric SrCoO(3) was prepared with a two-step method combining the floating-zone technique and subsequent high oxygen pressure treatment. SrCoO(3) crystallizes in a cubic perovskite structure with space group Pm3m, and displays an itinerant ferromagnetic behavior with the Curie temperature of 305 K. The easy magnetization axis is found to be along the [111] direction, and the saturation moment is 2.

The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates.

Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these.

Schizophrenic patients and their unaffected siblings share increased resting-state connectivity in the task-negative network but not its anticorrelated task-positive network.

Background: Abnormal connectivity of the anticorrelated intrinsic networks, the task-negative network (TNN), and the task-positive network (TPN) is implicated in schizophrenia. Comparisons between schizophrenic patients and their unaffected siblings enable further understanding of illness susceptibility and pathophysiology. We examined the resting-state connectivity differences in the intrinsic networks between schizophrenic patients, their unaffected siblings, and healthy controls.

Diminished hippocalcin expression in Huntington's disease brain does not account for increased striatal neuron vulnerability as assessed in primary neurons.

Hippocalcin is a neuronal calcium sensor protein previously implicated in regulating neuronal viability and plasticity. Hippocalcin is the most highly expressed neuronal calcium sensor in the medium spiny striatal output neurons that degenerate selectively in Huntington's disease (HD). We have previously shown that decreased hippocalcin expression occurs in parallel with the onset of disease phenotype in mouse models of HD.

Schizophrenia patients and their healthy siblings share disruption of white matter integrity in the left prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus but not the anterior cingulate cortex.

Healthy siblings of schizophrenia patients have an almost 9-fold higher risk for developing the illness than the general population. Disruption of white matter (WM) integrity as indicated by reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is believed to be the key substrate of schizophrenia. However, it remains unclear whether schizophrenia patients and their healthy siblings share a specific pattern of disruption of WM integrity that may be related to the disease risk.

Frontal and cingulate gray matter volume reduction in heroin dependence: optimized voxel-based morphometry.

Aims: Repeated exposure to heroin, a typical opiate, causes neuronal adaptation and may result in anatomical changes in specific brain regions, particularly the frontal and limbic cortices. The volume changes of gray matter (GM) of these brain regions, however, have not been identified in heroin addiction.

Methods: Using structural magnetic resonance imaging and an optimized voxel-based morphometry approach, the GM volume difference between 15 Chinese heroin-dependent and 15 healthy subjects was tested.

Effects of theophylline on chronic inflammatory lung injury induced by LPS exposure in guinea pigs.

Background: Pathogenesis of COPD is, at least in part, attributable to the chronic accumulation of neutrophils in the airways, and morphological changes such as hyperplasia of goblet cells in the airways are often observed in this disease. These structural changes were induced in guinea pigs by repetitive inhalations of LPS, and the effects of theophylline and dexamethasone were examined.

Methods: Male Hartley Guinea pigs weighing about 300 g were exposed to a nebulized solution of LPS (30 microg/mL) for 1 hour.

TEM study of the influence of antisite defects on magnetic domain structures in double perovskite Ba2FeMoO6.

Magnetic domain structures and crystal structures of double perovskite Ba(2)FeMoO(6) were studied using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dark-field imaging and high-resolution TEM. Two types of magnetic domain structure were observed below the Curie temperature: an ordinary 180 degrees ferromagnetic domain structure and a typical maze-pattern structure. In regions where maze-pattern structures were observed, antiphase boundaries were found by dark-field imaging and high-resolution TEM and develop densely in Fe/Mo-ordering domains, suggesting that Fe/Mo antisite defects affect magnetic domain structures.

Differential D1 and D2 receptor-mediated effects on immediate early gene induction in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease.

The diminished expression of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors is a well-documented hallmark of Huntington's disease (HD), but relatively little is known about how these changes in receptor populations affect the dopaminergic responses of striatal neurons. Using transgenic mice expressing an N-terminal portion of mutant huntingtin (R6/2 mice), we have examined immediate early gene (IEG) expression as an index of dopaminergic signal transduction. c-fos, jun B, zif268, and N10 mRNA levels and expression patterns were analyzed using quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry following intraperitoneal administration of selective D1 and D2 family pharmacological agents (SKF-82958 and eticlopride).