Anti-DNA antibodies cross-reactive with β-glycoprotein I induce monocyte tissue factor through the TLR9 pathway.

Antibodies specific for cardiolipin (CL)-β-glycoprotein I (βGPI) are known to induce tissue factor (TF) expression by monocytes and endothelial cells which leads to a prothrombotic state in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), but the mechanism is not fully elucidated. Previously, we reported that the mouse monoclonal anti-CL-βGPI antibody WB-6 cross-reacts with DNA, enters monocytes binding to cell surface DNA, and induces TF expression. The current study aimed to identify the intracellular signaling pathways involved in this process.

Four factor research awareness scale for nurses in Japanese: instrument development study.

Aim: Research awareness is an important consideration necessary for providing superior nursing care. However, a gap exists between research and clinical practice. A major obstacle to integrating research into clinical practice is the absence of research awareness among nurses.