Rapid and sensitive on-site detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from environmental surfaces using portable laboratory devices.

This study presents the development of a highly sensitive on-site method for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA on various surfaces, including doorknobs and tables. Identifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA on these surfaces can be crucial in guiding decision-making for implementing non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as zoning strategies, improving ventilation, maintaining physical distancing, and promoting increased hand hygiene practices. Moreover, the on-site detection system can facilitate the swift initiation of mitigation responses in non-laboratory settings, including long-term care facilities and schools.

Prevalence of Non-Polio Enteroviruses in the Sewage of Guangzhou City, China, from 2013 to 2021.

Continuous surveillance of enteroviruses (EVs) in urban domestic sewage can timely reflect the circulation of EVs in the environment and crowds, and play a predictive and early warning role in EV-related diseases. To better understand the long-term epidemiological trends of circulating EVs and EV-related diseases, we conducted a 9-year (2013 to 2021) surveillance study of non-polio EVs (NPEVs) in urban sewage in Guangzhou city, China. After concentrating and isolating the viruses from the sewage samples, NPEVs were detected and molecular typing was performed.

Monitoring Enteroviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater Using the Polio Environmental Surveillance System in Japan.

In the global strategy for polio eradication, environmental surveillance (ES) has been established worldwide to monitor polioviruses. In addition, nonpolio enteroviruses are simultaneously isolated from wastewater under this ES program. Hence, ES can be used to monitor enteroviruses in sewage to supplement clinical surveillance.

Dynamic changes in polioviruses identified by environmental surveillance in Guangzhou, 2009-2021.

Polio cases can be missed by acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) case surveillance alone, emphasizing the importance of environmental surveillance (ES). In this study, to investigate the serotype distribution and epidemiological trends of poliovirus (PV), we characterized PV isolated from domestic sewage in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China from 2009 to 2021. A total of 624 sewage samples were collected from the Liede Sewage Treatment Plant, and the positive rates of PV and non-polio enteroviruses were 66.

[Polio Environmental Surveillance and Its Application to SARS-CoV-2 Detection].

The polio eradication program, launched in 1988, has successfully decreased the number of poliomyelitis patients worldwide. However, in areas with immunization gaps where oral polio vaccine coverage has dropped, outbreaks of more virulent vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) have become a threat to public health. In Japan, inactivated polio vaccine replaced oral polio vaccine as the routine immunization in 2012.

Efficient detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the solid fraction of wastewater.

In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, environmental surveillance for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 has become increasingly important. Studies have demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 RNA is present in the feces of infected individuals; further, its presence in wastewater has been reported. However, an optimized method for its detection in sewage has not yet been adequately investigated.

Environmental Surveillance Can Dynamically Track Ecological Changes in Enteroviruses.

Environmental surveillance can be used to trace enteroviruses shed from human stool using a sewer network that is independent of symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. In this study, the local transmission of enteroviruses was analyzed using two wastewater treatment plants, which were relatively close to each other (15 km), designated as sentinels. Influent was collected at both sentinels once a month from 2013 to 2016, and viruses were isolated.

One-year Survey of human enteroviruses from sewage and the factors affecting virus adsorption to the suspended solids.

This study described the results of environmental enterovirus surveillance conducted in Shandong Province of China in 2013. Altogether 39 sewage samples were collected and 873 enterovirus isolates (including 334 polioviruses) belonging to 22 serotypes were obtained. Echovirus (E) -7, coxsackievirus (CV) -B5, E-11, E-6, and E-3 were the most commonly detected non-polio enterovirus serotypes, and phylogeny of E-7 and CV-B5 was described.

Elucidation of echovirus 30's origin and transmission during the 2012 aseptic meningitis outbreak in Guangdong, China, through continuing environmental surveillance.

An aseptic meningitis outbreak occurred in Luoding City of Guangdong, China, in 2012, and echovirus type 30 (ECHO30) was identified as the major causative pathogen. Environmental surveillance indicated that ECHO30 was detected in the sewage of a neighboring city, Guangzhou, from 2010 to 2012 and also in Luoding City sewage samples (6/43, 14%) collected after the outbreak. In order to track the potential origin of the outbreak viral strains, we sequenced the VP1 genes of 29 viral strains from clinical patients and environmental samples.

Environmental surveillance of poliovirus in sewage water around the introduction period for inactivated polio vaccine in Japan.

Environmental virus surveillance was conducted at two independent sewage plants from urban and rural areas in the northern prefecture of the Kyushu district, Japan, to trace polioviruses (PVs) within communities. Consequently, 83 PVs were isolated over a 34-month period from April 2010 to January 2013. The frequency of PV isolation at the urban plant was 1.

Molecular epidemiology and recombination of human enteroviruses from AFP surveillance in Yunnan, China from 2006 to 2010.

The study represents the genetic overview of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) isolated from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases in Yunnan Province from 2006 to 2010. Molecular typing based on VP1 nucleotide sequence was carried out on 98 NPEV isolates, and 33 serotypes were identified. EV-B was detected most frequently with an overall prevalence of 71.

Environmental surveillance of human enteroviruses in Shandong Province, China, 2008 to 2012: serotypes, temporal fluctuation, and molecular epidemiology.

Environmental surveillance is an effective approach in investigating the circulation of polioviruses (PVs) and other human enteroviruses (EVs) in the population. The present report describes the results of environmental surveillance conducted in Shandong Province, China, from 2008 to 2012. A total of 129 sewage samples were collected, and 168 PVs and 1,007 nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) were isolated.

Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in rivers in the Philippines.

To understand the hepatitis E virus (HEV)-pollution status in the environment in the Philippines, a total of 12 water samples were collected from rivers in Manila City for detection of HEV RNA. Three of 12 samples were positive for HEV RNA indicating that HEV is circulating in the Philippines. Phylogenetic analysis classified all of the HEV sequences into genotype 3.

Isolation and characterization of a type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus from environmental surveillance in China, 2012.

Environmental surveillance of poliovirus on sewage has been conducted in Shandong Province, China since 2008. A type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) with 7 mutations in VP1 coding region was isolated from the sewage collected in the city of Jinan in December 2012. The complete genome sequencing analysis of this isolate revealed 25 nucleotide substitutions, 7 of which resulted in amino acid alteration.

Development of real-time PCR to detect oral vaccine-like poliovirus and its application to environmental surveillance.

In order to perform environmental surveillance to track oral poliovirus vaccine-like poliovirus sensitively and conveniently, real-time PCR was developed and applied to a raw sewage concentrate. The real-time PCR method detected 0.01-0.

Prevalence of nonpolio enteroviruses in the sewage of Guangzhou city, China, from 2009 to 2012.

The human-pathogenic viruses in urban sewage have been extensively monitored to obtain information on circulating viruses in human communities. Enteroviruses (EVs) excreted by patients who present with diverse clinical syndromes can remain infectious in the environment for several weeks, and limited data on circulating environmental EVs are available. A 4-year (2009 to 2012) surveillance study was conducted to detect nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs) in the urban sewage of Guangzhou city, China.

An optimized method for elution of enteroviral RNA from a cellulose-based substrate.

The Flinders Technology Australia (FTA) Elute Card is a commercial product that facilitates the collection, transport, archiving and processing of nucleic acids from a wide variety of biological samples at room temperature. While the cards have been designed so that sterile/deionized water can elute DNA easily, they are not suitable for some less stable RNAs. This study was undertaken to determine the optimal conditions such as the buffer type, buffer pH and incubation temperature for the elution of enteroviral RNA from FTA Elute Cards prior to quantitative analysis using real-time PCR (qPCR) or consensus degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primer VP1 RT-semi nested PCR (CODEHOP VP1 RT-snPCR).

Intercity spread of echovirus 6 in Shandong Province, China: application of environmental surveillance in tracing circulating enteroviruses.

Environmental surveillance is an effective approach in investigating circulating enteroviruses and had been conducted in the cities of Jinan and Linyi since February 2008 and April 2010, respectively. This study analyzed 46 sewage samples collected in the two cities in 2011 and found that echovirus 6 (E6) was the predominant serotype, with 134 isolates (65 in Jinan and 69 in Linyi) from 23 (50%) samples. This differs from the 2010 data that found 29 E6 isolates in Jinan and only 3 in Linyi.

Estimating the risk of re-emergence after stopping polio vaccination.

Live vaccination against polio has effectively prevented outbreaks in most developed countries for more than 40 years, and there remain only a few countries where outbreaks of poliomyelitis by the wild strain still threaten the community. It is expected that worldwide eradication will be eventually achieved through careful surveillance and a well-managed immunization program. The present paper argues, however, that based on a simple stochastic model the risk of outbreak by a vaccine-derived strain after the cessation of vaccination is quite high, even if many years have passed since the last confirmed case.

Evaluating the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of echovirus 11 isolated from sewage in Shandong Province, China in 2010.

Echovirus 11 (E11) is an important human pathogen, but its genetic information in China is in scarce. In this study, 12 sewage samples from Jinan city and 18 from Linyi city were collected in Shandong Province, China in 2010, and E11 was the predominant serotype with 54 isolates from 16 samples. Numbers of E11 isolates reached peaks in August in both Jinan and Linyi city, while another peak occurred in December in Linyi.

[Genetic characterization of poliovirus isolates from environmental sewage surveillance in Shandong, 2010].

To investigate the genetic characteristics of poliovirus isolates from environmental sewage surveillance in Shandong province, we collected sewage samples in Jinan and Linyi City. Serotyping and VP1/ 3D sequencing were performed on polioviruses isolated from the concentrated sewage samples, and VP1 mutation and recombination were analyzed. Thirty-two of sewage samples were collected, and polioviruses were detected in 10 of the samples with a positive rate of 31.