Amphibian skin bacteria display antifungal activity and induce plant defense mechanisms against .

is the causal agent of gray mold, which affects a wide variety of plant species. Chemical agents have been used to prevent the disease caused by this pathogenic fungus. However, their toxicity and reduced efficacy have encouraged the development of new biological control alternatives.

Bacteria from the skin of amphibians promote growth of Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum by modifying hormone-related transcriptome response.

Plants and microorganisms establish beneficial associations that can improve their development and growth. Recently, it has been demonstrated that bacteria isolated from the skin of amphibians can contribute to plant growth and defense. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the beneficial effect for the host are still unclear.

A biostimulant yeast, Hanseniaspora opuntiae, modifies Arabidopsis thaliana root architecture and improves the plant defense response against Botrytis cinerea.

The biostimulant Hanseniaspora opuntiae regulates Arabidopsis thaliana root development and resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Beneficial microbes can increase plant nutrient accessibility and uptake, promote abiotic stress tolerance, and enhance disease resistance, while pathogenic microorganisms cause plant disease, affecting cellular homeostasis and leading to cell death in the most critical cases. Commonly, plants use specialized pattern recognition receptors to perceive beneficial or pathogen microorganisms.

Trichomonas vaginalis triggers neutrophil extracellular traps reducing parasite integrity and growth.

Trichomoniasis-caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis-is associated with a high inflammatory process that may contribute to the risk of suffering from other medical complications. Our study focused on the in vitro interaction of T. vaginalis with human neutrophils because these are the most abundant cells implicated in the characteristic inflammatory process of trichomoniasis.

Gadolinium Protects against through the Activation of JA/ET-Induced Defense Responses.

Plant food production is severely affected by fungi; to cope with this problem, farmers use synthetic fungicides. However, the need to reduce fungicide application has led to a search for alternatives, such as biostimulants. Rare-earth elements (REEs) are widely used as biostimulants, but their mode of action and their potential as an alternative to synthetic fungicides have not been fully studied.

Tal6 From Is a LysM Effector Involved in Mycoparasitism and Plant Association.

LysM effectors play a relevant role during the plant colonization by successful phytopathogenic fungi, since they enable them to avoid either the triggering of plant defense mechanisms or their attack effects. Tal6, a LysM protein from , is capable of binding to complex chitin. However, until now its biological function is not completely known, particularly its participation in plant- interactions.