2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus of the Korean Diabetes Association.

In May 2023, the Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Korean Diabetes Association published the revised clinical practice guidelines for Korean adults with diabetes and prediabetes. We incorporated the latest clinical research findings through a comprehensive systematic literature review and applied them in a manner suitable for the Korean population. These guidelines are designed for all healthcare providers nationwide, including physicians, diabetes experts, and certified diabetes educators who manage patients with diabetes or individuals at risk of developing diabetes.

Individual Postprandial Glycemic Responses to Meal Types by Different Carbohydrate Levels and Their Associations with Glycemic Variability Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

This study aimed to investigate individual postprandial glycemic responses (PPGRs) to meal types with varying carbohydrate levels and examine their associations with 14-day glycemic variability using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in young adults. In a two-week intervention study with 34 participants connected to CGM, four meal types and glucose 75 g were tested. PPGRs were recorded for up to 2 h with a 15 min interval after meals.

Early Time-Restricted Eating Reduces Weight and Improves Glycemic Response in Young Adults: A Pre-Post Single-Arm Intervention Study.

Introduction: Time-restricted eating (TRE) has cardiometabolic health benefits by optimizing circadian rhythms. However, limited data are available on the effect of early TRE in young adults. The objective of this pre-post single-arm trial was to test the effect of TRE on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors and to evaluate changes in meal and sleep timing by TRE among young adults with typically late bedtime.

High intakes of iodine among women during pregnancy and the postpartum period has no adverse effect on thyroid function.

Purpose: Given the high consumption of seaweed soup by pregnant and lactating Korean women, concerns have been raised about excessive iodine intake. We evaluated the effects of maternal iodine intake on maternal thyroid function and birth outcomes. We also evaluated iodine intake via seaweed soup during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period.

Association of added sugar intake with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: a systematic review of cohort studies.

Background/objectives: The long-term health impacts of dietary sugar have begun to be reported. The committee on the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans for sugar intended to update the scientific evidence on the association of added sugar intake with health outcomes, including mortality. This study evaluated the evidence on the association of dietary sugar with the all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality from cohort studies.

Low-Carbohydrate Diets in Korea: Why Does It Matter, and What Is Next?

In recent years, low-carbohydrate diets have become highly popular in Korea as a means to lose weight. People following this regime believe that fat and protein can be consumed in unlimited quantities, as long as carbohydrate intake is strictly restricted. However, low-carbohydrate diets are more complex than simply reducing carbohydrate intake.

The Effect of Four Weeks Dietary Intervention with 8-Hour Time-Restricted Eating on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Young Adults.

Recently, intermittent fasting, also known as time-restricted eating (TRE), has become a popular diet trend. Compared to animal studies, there have been few studies and inconclusive findings investigating the effects of TRE in humans. In this study, we examined the effects of 8 h TRE on body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults who were mainly active at night.

Evaluation of Iodine Status among Korean Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer Using Dietary and Urinary Iodine.

Background: Concerns have been raised regarding thyroid disorders caused by excessive iodine in Koreans, who have iodine-rich diets. This study evaluated iodine status using dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) patients.

Methods: Dietary data of PTC patients were assessed using a 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) were also obtained.

Dietary Fiber and Its Source Are Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korean Adults.

We examined the associations of dietary fiber and its source with cardiovascular risk factors in Korean adults. This cross-sectional study involved 16,792 adults from the 2013-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Dietary data were obtained using a 24 h recall method and used to evaluate intakes of total dietary fiber and its source and fruit consumption.

Association between Iron Intake and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes: Significance of Iron Intake and the Ratio between Iron Intake and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake.

We aimed to investigate the association of iron and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in individuals with type 2 diabetes. This cross-sectional study included 147 individuals with type 2 diabetes. Dietary intake was assessed using three-day food records.

Regional disparities in the associations of cardiometabolic risk factors and healthy dietary factors in Korean adults.

Background/objectives: Regional disparities in dietary factors might be related to regional disparities in cardiometabolic health. Therefore, this study investigated the associations of cardiometabolic risk factors and dietary factors with regional types in Korean adults.

Subjects/methods: Based on data from the 2007-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the study included 39,781 adults aged ≥ 19 years who completed the dietary survey and a health examination.

A moderate-carbohydrate diet with plant protein is inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2017.

Background: Because a moderate-carbohydrate diet reportedly has minimal risks, the substitution of carbohydrate for protein has been emphasized. Few studies have explored the effect of moderate-carbohydrate diets with higher protein intake in Asians, who typically consume a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet. Therefore, this study evaluated the associations of moderate- versus high- carbohydrate diets with cardiovascular risk factors among Korean adults by protein source.

Associations of Meal Timing and Frequency with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults.

Emerging studies indicate that meal timing is linked to cardiometabolic risks by deterioration of circadian rhythms, however limited evidence is available in humans. This large-scale cross-sectional study explored the associations of meal timing and frequency with obesity and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Meal timing was defined as nightly fasting duration and morning, evening, and night eating, and meal frequency was estimated as the number of daily eating episodes using a single-day 24-hour dietary recall method.

Frequency of Consumption of Whole Fruit, Not Fruit Juice, Is Associated with Reduced Prevalence of Obesity in Korean Adults.

Background: Fruit consumption is known to be beneficial to health. However, the health benefits of fruit juice are controversial due to its high sugar content.

Objectives: To examine the associations of frequency of consumption of whole fruit and fruit juice with obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Inadequate fat or carbohydrate intake was associated with an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean adults: A 12-year community-based prospective cohort study.

Aims: Few studies have focused on the relationship between long-term fat intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) risk in Asia where fat intake is relatively lower than the Western countries. We examined association of dietary fat and carbohydrate intake with incidence of T2D among Korean adults.

Methods: Based on the data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a total of 5595 adults aged 40-69 years without diabetes, cardiovascular diseases or any cancer at baseline were included.

Three types of a high-carbohydrate diet are differently associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean adults.

Purpose: Although a high-carbohydrate diet typically shows low-fat intake, the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities in Asian countries has increased. We evaluated three types of a high-carbohydrate diet and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in the Korean adult population.

Methods: A total of 14,438 adults (5813 men and 8625 women) who participated in the 2008-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were selected.

High-Carbohydrate Diets and Food Patterns and Their Associations with Metabolic Disease in the Korean Population.

Purpose: Although an Asian diet is typically high in carbohydrate and low in fat, there has been a steady increase in the rate of cardiometabolic disease in Asian countries over the past decade. We evaluated food patterns of a high-carbohydrate diet and examined their associations with metabolic disease.

Materials And Methods: Using data from the 2013-2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we included a total of 13106 subjects aged 20 years or older in this study.

Awareness, knowledge, and use of folic acid among non-pregnant Korean women of childbearing age.

Background/objectives: Folic acid supplementation before pregnancy is known to reduce the risk of neural tube defects. The purposes of this study were to investigate the awareness, knowledge, and use of folic acid supplements along with their associated factors among non-pregnant Korean women of childbearing age.

Subjects/methods: From August 2012 to March 2013, 704 women aged 19-45 years completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding their awareness, knowledge, and use of folic acid as well as questions to identify risk of inadequate folate intake.

Differential association of dietary carbohydrate intake with metabolic syndrome in the US and Korean adults: data from the 2007-2012 NHANES and KNHANES.

Background/objectives: The risk factors for metabolic syndrome may differ between Western and Asian countries due to their distinct dietary cultures. However, few studies have directly compared macronutrient intake and its association with the risk of metabolic syndrome in the US and Korean adults using national survey data.

Subject/methods: Based on the data from the US and Korean versions of the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, KNHANES), a total of 3,324 American and 20,515 Korean adults were included.

Dietary supplement use among cancer survivors and the general population: a nation-wide cross-sectional study.

Background: Use of dietary supplements among cancer survivors is common and controversial, but information on the amount of nutrients from supplements among cancer survivors is limited. We examined the amount of nutrients and their contribution to total nutrient intake from supplements and compared these data between cancer survivors and cancer-free individuals. We also identified factors associated with supplement use among cancer survivors.

Total Antioxidant Capacity from Dietary Supplement Decreases the Likelihood of Having Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults.

This study was conducted to estimate antioxidant vitamin intake and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) from diet and dietary supplements and to examine their association with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean adults. Out of 6308 adults 19~64 years old from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1847 adults were classified as dietary supplement users and the other 4461 adults were classified as non-users. Antioxidant intake and TAC from diet and dietary supplements were estimated using dietary intake data and linked with the antioxidant and TAC database for common Korean foods.