EUS-guided drainage of hepatic abscesses not accessible to percutaneous drainage (with videos).

Background: Currently, percutaneous drainage is the first treatment of choice for hepatic abscesses because of its high success and low mortality rates compared with other surgical procedures. However, percutaneous drainage of hepatic abscesses in the caudate lobe or gastrohepatic space may be difficult.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the technical feasibility and clinical implication of EUS-guided drainage for hepatic abscesses not accessible to percutaneous biliary drainage.

The conserved and divergent roles of carbonic anhydrases in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus nidulans.

Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and its hydration product bicarbonate (HCO(3)(-)) are essential molecules in various physiological processes of all living organisms. The reversible interconversion between CO(2) and HCO(3)(-) is in equilibrium. This reaction is slow without catalyst, but can be rapidly facilitated by Zn(2+)-metalloenzymes named carbonic anhydrases (CAs).