Cultural influence on generational gaps: A case for medical education in the Gulf region.

Objective:  To explores cultural differences between generations of faculty and students in undergraduate medical education and to develop an educational framework for stakeholders involvement.

Methods:  This is a prospective cross-sectional mixed method study. A survey was administered on students and faculty members to measure generational differences using Hofstede's dimensions of cultural orientation.

Senior-Year Curriculum in U.S. Medical Schools: A Scoping Review.

Many U.S. medical schools have responded to the adoption of competency-based medical education (CBME) frameworks by renewing their final-year curricula and including internship preparatory courses.

Competencies and Feedback on Internal Medicine Residents' End-of-Rotation Assessments Over Time: Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses.

Purpose: To examine how qualitative narrative comments and quantitative ratings from end-of-rotation assessments change for a cohort of residents from entry to graduation, and explore associations between comments and ratings.

Method: The authors obtained end-of-rotation quantitative ratings and narrative comments for 1 cohort of internal medicine residents at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine from July 2013-June 2016. They inductively identified themes in comments, coded orientation (praising/critical) and relevance (specificity and actionability) of feedback, examined associations between codes and ratings, and evaluated changes in themes and ratings across years.

Severe vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea during the period 2000 to 2016.

Background: There has been a marked increase in the reporting of confirmed vivax malaria cases in certain geographical areas. This study investigated cases of severe vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of adult patients diagnosed with vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea during the period 2000 to 2016.

Prospective Observational Study of the Clinical Prognoses of Patients with Bloodstream Infections Caused by Ampicillin-Susceptible but Penicillin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical impacts of ampicillin-susceptible but penicillin-resistant (ASPR) phenotypes of on clinical outcomes in patients with bloodstream infection (BSI). A total of 295 patients with an BSI from six sentinel hospitals during a 2-year period (from May 2016 to April 2018) were enrolled in this study. Putative risk factors, including host-, treatment-, and pathogen-related variables, were assessed to determine the associations with the 30-day mortality rate of patients with an BSI.

Validity evidence for Quality Improvement Knowledge Application Tool Revised (QIKAT-R) scores: consequences of rater number and type using neurology cases.

Objectives: To develop neurology scenarios for use with the Quality Improvement Knowledge Application Tool Revised (QIKAT-R), gather and evaluate validity evidence, and project the impact of scenario number, rater number and rater type on score reliability.

Methods: Six neurological case scenarios were developed. Residents were randomly assigned three scenarios before and after a quality improvement (QI) course in 2015 and 2016.

Targeting β-catenin overcomes MEK inhibition resistance in colon cancer with KRAS and PIK3CA mutations.

Background: Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MEK 1/2) are central components of the RAS signalling pathway and are attractive targets for cancer therapy. These agents continue to be investigated in KRAS mutant colon cancer but are met with significant resistance. Clinical investigations have demonstrated that these strategies are not well tolerated by patients.

The American College of Surgeons Entering Resident Readiness Assessment Program: Development and National Pilot Testing Results.

Objective: To assess the readiness of entering residents for clinical responsibilities, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Division of Education developed the "Entering Resident Readiness Assessment" (ACS-ERRA) Program.

Summary Background: ACS-ERRA is an online formative assessment that uses a key features approach to measure clinical decision-making skills and focuses on cases encountered at the beginning of residency. Results can be used to develop learning plans to address areas that may need reinforcement.

Struggling Medical Learners: A Competency-Based Approach to Improving Performance.

Introduction: Faculty must be trained to recognize, analyze, and provide feedback and resources to struggling medical learners. Training programs must be equipped to intervene when necessary with individualized remediation efforts to ensure learner success.

Methods: This 90-minute interactive faculty development workshop provides a foundational competency-based framework for identifying and assisting the struggling medical learner.

Teaching communication skills to OTL-HNS residents: multisource feedback and simulated scenarios.

Background: Effective communication has been linked to a reduction in adverse events and improved patient compliance. Currently in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (OTL-HNS) residency programs, there is limited explicit teaching of communication skills. Our objective was to implement an educational program on communication skills for residents using multisource assessment in several simulation-based contexts throughout residency.

Trends in South Korean antimicrobial use and association with changes in Escherichia coli resistance rates: 12-year ecological study using a nationwide surveillance and antimicrobial prescription database.

The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between use of antimicrobials, such as fluoroquinolone, cefoxitin, and cefotaxime, and Escherichia coli resistance using a nationwide database. Nationwide data on antimicrobial consumption for 12 years (2002 to 2013) were acquired from a database of subjects (n = 1,025,340) included in the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. National antimicrobial resistance rates of E.

Evaluating the validity evidence of an OSCE: results from a new medical school.

Background: To prevent the problems of traditional clinical evaluation, the "Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)" was presented by Harden as a more valid and reliable assessment instrument. However, an essential condition to guarantee a high-quality and effective OSCE is the assurance of evidence to support the validity of its scores. This study examines the psychometric properties of OSCE scores, with an emphasis on consequential and internal structure validity evidence.

Pre-medical majors in the humanities and social sciences: impact on communication skills and specialty choice.

Context: Medical school admissions committees use a variety of criteria to determine which candidates to admit to their programmes. Effective communication is increasingly considered a key requisite to the practice of effective medicine. Medical students with pre-medical backgrounds in the humanities and social sciences may be more likely to acquire skills relevant to patient-centred communication, either prior to or during medical school.

Beyond cognitive measures: Empirical evidence supporting holistic medical school admissions practices and professional identity formation.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Medical schools seek admissions methods that identify applicants who hold promise to become physicians who will navigate and shape the future medical landscape.

Validity Evidence for a Brief Online Key Features Examination in the Internal Medicine Clerkship.

Purpose: Medical educators use key features examinations (KFEs) to assess clinical decision making in many countries, but not in U.S. medical schools.

Combining Scores Based on Compensatory and Noncompensatory Scoring Rules to Assess Resident Readiness for Unsupervised Practice: Implications From a National Primary Care Certification Examination in Japan.

Purpose: Competence decisions in health professions education require combining scores from multiple sources and identifying pass-fail decisions based on noncompensatory (required to pass all subcomponents) and compensatory scoring decisions. This study investigates consequences of combining scores, reliability, and implications for validity using a national examination with subcomponent assessments.

Method: National data were used from three years (2015, 2016, and 2017) of the Japan Primary Care Association Board Certification Examination, with four subcomponent assessments: Clinical Skills Assessment-Integrated Clinical Encounter (CSA-ICE), CSA-Communication and Interpersonal Skills (CSA-CIS), Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQ), and Portfolio.

Does Incorporating a Measure of Clinical Workload Improve Workplace-Based Assessment Scores? Insights for Measurement Precision and Longitudinal Score Growth From Ten Pediatrics Residency Programs.

Purpose: This study investigates the impact of incorporating observer-reported workload into workplace-based assessment (WBA) scores on (1) psychometric characteristics of WBA scores and (2) measuring changes in performance over time using workload-unadjusted versus workload-adjusted scores.

Method: Structured clinical observations and multisource feedback instruments were used to collect WBA data from first-year pediatrics residents at 10 residency programs between July 2016 and June 2017. Observers completed items in 8 subcompetencies associated with Pediatrics Milestones.

What do quantitative ratings and qualitative comments tell us about general surgery residents' progress toward independent practice? Evidence from a 5-year longitudinal cohort.

Background: This study examines the alignment of quantitative and qualitative assessment data in end-of-rotation evaluations using longitudinal cohorts of residents progressing throughout the five-year general surgery residency.

Methods: Rotation evaluation data were extracted for 171 residents who trained between July 2011 and July 2016. Data included 6069 rotation evaluations forms completed by 38 faculty members and 164 peer-residents.

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of Klebsiella pneumoniae affecting 30 day mortality in patients with bloodstream infection.

Objectives: To investigate the risk factors of patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) bloodstream infection (BSI) with a focus on antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors.

Methods: All KP BSI patients (n = 579) from six general hospitals during a 1 year period were included in this study. The risk factors of hosts and causative KP isolates were assessed to determine associations with the 30 day mortality of KP BSI patients by multivariate Cox hazards modelling.

Exploring Shared Mental Models of Surgical Teams in Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Lobectomy.

Background: Nontechnical skills are important for safe and efficient surgery. Teams performing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy express that it is of utmost importance to have a shared mental model (SMM) of the patient, current situation, and team resources. However, these SMMs have never been explored in a clinical setting.

Perioperative Echocardiographic Index of Left Ventricular Filling Pressure in Cardiac Surgery.

Background: The elevated preoperative ratio of early transmitral flow velocity to early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (E/e') as an echocardiographic index of left ventricular filling pressure is known to be associated with poor postoperative outcomes. We investigated the association between preoperative and postoperative E/e' elevation and clinical outcomes after cardiac operations.

Methods: The study divided 1,353 patients who underwent cardiac operations into four groups: preoperative and postoperative E/e' ≤15 (low-low), preoperative E/e' ≤15 but postoperative E/e' >15 (low-high), preoperative E/e' >15 but postoperative E/e' ≤15 (high-low), and preoperative and postoperative E/e' >15 (high-high).

Differences in expectations of passing standards in communication skills for pre-clinical and clinical medical students.

Objective: Communication and interpersonal skills (CIS) are essential elements of competency-based education. We examined defensible CIS passing levels for medical students completing basic sciences (second-year students) and clinical training (fourth-year students), using five standard setting methods.

Methods: A 14-item CIS scale was used.

Approaches to Teaching the Physical Exam to Preclerkship Medical Students: Results of a National Survey.

Purpose: To assess current approaches to teaching the physical exam to preclerkship students at U.S. medical schools.

Impact of host-pathogen-treatment tripartite components on early mortality of patients with Escherichia coli bloodstream infection: Prospective observational study.

Background: Risk factors affecting early morality of patients with Escherichia coli bloodstream infection (BSI) were investigated including the host-pathogen-treatment tripartite components.

Methods: Six general hospitals in South Korea participated in this multicentre prospective observational study from May 2016 to April 2017 and a total of 1492 laboratory-confirmed E. coli BSI cases were studied.