Endoscopic Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Combined with Inner Subdural Hygroma.

Objective: A chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a collection of bloody fluid located in the subdural space and encapsulated by neo-membranes. An inner subdural hygroma (ISH) is observed between the inner membrane of a CSDH and the brain surface. We present six cases of CSDH combined with ISH treated via endoscopy.

Graphene-regulated cardiomyogenic differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells by enhancing the expression of extracellular matrix proteins and cell signaling molecules.

The potential of graphene as a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) culture substrate to promote cardiomyogenic differentiation is demonstrated. Graphene exhibits no sign of cytotoxicity for stem cell culture. MSCs are committed toward cardiomyogenic lineage by simply culturing them on graphene.