The impact of depression on language function in individuals with Alzheimer's disease: a pre/post-treatment design.

Background: It is uncertain whether depression might affect cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Most of studies on the effect of depression treatment on cognitive function in AD were briefly evaluated by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). MMSE is poor sensitive to detect cognitive change.

Vortioxetine Treatment for Depression in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study.

Objective: Vortioxetine, a new antidepressant, has been demonstrated to have effects on depression and cognitive function. This study aimed to investigate the anti-depressive efficacy of vortioxetine through a well-designed double- blind, placebo-controlled study in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and to confirm the presence of secondary benefits, including the improvement of cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL).

Methods: The present study included 100 AD patients with depression who were assigned randomly to 12 weeks of daily treatment with either vortioxetine or placebo.

Specific Association Between Religiosity and Cognitive Functions in Alzheimer's Disease.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the specific relationship between subdomains of religious variables and cognitive functions in outpatients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods: We recruited 325 patients with AD from a psychiatry outpatient clinic. The Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease and the Duke University Religion Index were used to assess cognitive functions and religiosity.

Differential associations between depression and cognitive function in MCI and AD: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: Despite the possibility that cognitive deficits associated with depression may have different patterns depending on the level of neurocognitive impairment, there remains no clear evidence of this. This study aimed to investigate the differential association between depression and cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed of data from 1,724 patients with MCI and 1,247 patients with AD from the Clinical Research Center for Dementia in Korea.

The moderating effect of religiosity on caregiving burden and depressive symptoms in caregivers of patients with dementia.

Objectives: This study explored whether religiosity/spirituality has a protective role against negative caregiving outcomes, in a large multicenter nationwide sample of caregivers of patients with dementia in South Korea. Additionally, this study was the first to examine whether religiosity/spirituality could affect caregiving outcomes according to the various religious affiliations of caregivers.

Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 476 caregivers of patients with dementia participated in the Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea (CREDOS).

The Relationship between Serum Endocan Levels and Depression in Alzheimer's Disease.

Objectives: Growing evidence suggests that angiogenic vascular factors may be involved in the pathogenic mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and recently endocan has been proposed as an angiogenic biomarker. The aim of this study was to measure serum endocan levels according to the presence of depression in AD and to investigate the association among the serum endocan levels, cognitive function, and depression in these patients.

Methods: Serum endocan levels were measured in 26 AD patients with depression, 29 AD patients without depression, and 29 healthy controls using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold.

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used for the treatment of pain and fever associated with the common cold.

Objectives: To determine the effects of NSAIDs versus placebo (and other treatments) on signs and symptoms of the common cold, and to determine any adverse effects of NSAIDs in people with the common cold.

Search Methods: We searched CENTRAL (2015, Issue 4, April), (January 1966 to April week 3, 2015), EMBASE (January 1980 to April 2015), CINAHL (January 1982 to April 2015) and ProQuest Digital Dissertations (January 1938 to April 2015).

The effect of depression on serum VEGF level in Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: Growing evidence suggests that angiogenesis might represent a new pathogenic mechanism involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among angiogenic cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in AD patients have been evaluated, but the results are controversial among studies. We investigated serum levels of VEGF in AD patients with depression, AD patients without depression, and the controls, respectively.

The relationship of the Korean version of the WHO Five Well-Being Index with depressive symptoms and quality of life in the community-dwelling elderly.

Background: Depression in the geriatric population is becoming markedly more prevalent. Quality of life has been linked with the development of depression. A screening tool for assessing both geriatric depression and quality of life is needed.

Association between religiosity/spirituality and quality of life or depression among living-alone elderly in a South Korean city.

Introduction: This study investigated the effects of religiosity and spirituality on quality of life and depression among older people.

Methods: Two hundred and seventy-four solitary elderly people aged over 65 years living in Chuncheon city, South Korea were selected. Symptoms of depression were evaluated using the Short Geriatric Depression Scale-Korean version (SGDS-K) and quality of life was measured using Geriatric Quality of Life-Dementia (GQOL-D).

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold.

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used for the treatment of pain and fever associated with the common cold. However, there is no systematic review to assess the effects of NSAIDs in treating the common cold.

Objectives: To determine the effects of NSAIDs versus placebo (and other treatments) on signs and symptoms of the common cold, and to determine any adverse effects of NSAIDs in people with the common cold.

The correlation of plasma Aβ42 levels, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function in the Korean elderly.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate whether plasma amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ42) levels are associated with depressive symptoms and/or cognitive function in community dwelling elderly.

Methods: Subjects were 123 participants of a population-based project designed to screen community dwelling elderly older than 65 years old in Gangwon Province, Korea, for the early detection of depression and dementia. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the SGDS-K (Short Geriatric Depression Scale-Korean version), and the MMSE-KC (Mini-Mental State Examination-Korean version) was used to assess cognitive function.

Transient cerebral ischemia induces active astrocytosis without distinct neuronal death in the gerbil main olfactory bulb: a long-term analysis.

In the present study, we examined ischemia-induced neuronal and glial changes in the gerbil MOB at various time points during 60 days after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia. The number of neuronal neuclei-immunoreactive neurons was not changed after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Myelin basic protein immunoreaction was well preserved after I/R.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the common cold.

Background: Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used for the treatment of pain and fever associated with the common cold, there is no systematic review to assess the effects of NSAIDs in patients with the common cold.

Objectives: To determine the effects of NSAIDs versus placebo and other treatments on the signs and symptoms of the common cold. To determine any adverse effects of NSAIDs in patients treated with NSAIDs for the common cold.

Central or peripheral norepinephrine depletion enhances MK-801-induced plasma corticosterone level in mice.

To investigate the involvement of central or peripheral catecholaminergic systems in the MK-801-induced increase in plasma corticosterone and interleukin-6 levels, we pretreated mice either intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.

Effect of Zen Meditation on serum nitric oxide activity and lipid peroxidation.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Zen Meditation on serum nitric oxide activity (NO) and oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation). The experimental group included 20 subjects who had practiced the Zen Meditation program in Meditation Center located in Seoul, South Korea. The control group included 20 subjects who did not practice any formal stress management technique and were age and sex matched with experimental group.

Protective effect of protocatechuic acid isopropyl ester against murine models of sepsis: inhibition of TNF-alpha and nitric oxide production and augmentation of IL-10.

Antioxidants have been shown to be effective in murine models of sepsis. Protocatechuic acid has antioxidant activity. In the present study, the protective effects of protocatechuic acid and its derivatives were investigated in a mouse model of septic shock induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (GalN).

Correlates of quality of life after stroke.

The relationship between lesion location and quality of life (QOL) in stroke patients has not yet been clearly revealed. The present study was undertaken to investigate the clinical and anatomical correlates which can predict future QOL in stroke patients. The study subjects consisted of 69 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke who were followed up 2 months after the stroke event at the stroke unit.

Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and components of the metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) seems to be increased in obese subjects, suggesting its role as a proinflammatory cytokine to insulin resistance and metabolic abnormalities in obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum TNF-alpha, soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 (sTNF-R1), TNF-alpha receptor 2 (sTNF-R2), and metabolic syndrome (MS) components and anthropometric indices in obese and non-obese adolescents. A cross-sectional study was performed on obese and non-obese adolescents.

Protection against beta-amyloid peptide-induced memory impairment with long-term administration of extract of Angelica gigas or decursinol in mice.

We investigated the effect of long-term oral administration of ethanolic extract of Angelica gigas Nakai (Umbelliferae) (EAG) or decursinol, a coumarin isolated from A. gigas, on beta-amyloid peptide 1-42 (Abeta(1-42))-induced memory impairment in mice. Mice were allowed free access to drinking water (control) or water containing different concentrations of EAG.

The inhibitory effect of ginseng saponins on the stress-induced plasma interleukin-6 level in mice.

The effect of ginseng saponins on plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) in non-stressed and immobilization-stressed mice were investigated. Ginseng total saponins, ginsenosides Rb2, Rg1 and Rd administered intraperitoneally attenuated the immobilization stress-induced increase in plasma IL-6 level. But, intracerebroventricular injection of each ginsenoside did not affect plasma IL-6 level induced by immobilization stress.

Route-dependent effects of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX on plasma corticosterone levels in mice.

A non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), administered intracerebroventricularly (0.1-0.5 microg), significantly inhibited the immobilization stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels in a dose-dependent manner.

Inhibition of intracerebroventricular injection stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels by intracerebroventricularly administered compound K, a ginseng saponin metabolite, in mice.

Effects of major intestinal metabolites of ginsenosides, including compound K (IH-901, 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), compound Y (IH-902, 20-O-[alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), and ginsenoside Mc (IH-903, 20-O-[alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol), on acute stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels were studied in mice. Intracerebroventricularly (i.c.

Effects of ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice.

Intraperitoneal injection of ginseng total saponin (GTS; 5 and 20 mg/kg) raised plasma corticosterone levels in mice. However, interestingly, pretreatment of animals with the same doses of GTS (5 and 20 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the immobilization stress-induced increase in plasma corticosterone levels. Of the ginsenosides Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg(1), 20(S)-Rg(3), and 20(R)-Rg(3) injected intraperitoneally at doses of 0.