INR optimization based on stroke risk factors in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Background: Bleeding complications have been frequently reported in East Asian patients on warfarin with a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.0-3.0.

Intake of korean red ginseng extract and saponin enhances the protection conferred by vaccination with inactivated influenza a virus.

Vaccination is the main strategy for preventing influenza infection. However, vaccine efficacy is influenced by several factors, including age and health status. The efficacy of the influenza vaccine is much lower (17% to 53%) in individuals over 65 yr of age compared with young adults (70% to 90%).

Chromatographically-purified capsid proteins of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae form virus-like particles.

Nervous necrosis viruses (NNVs) cause mass mortality of marine fish, leading to large economic losses for aquaculturists. A promising vaccine candidate for preventing NNV infection is the NNV virus-like particle (VLP), which is a structure resulting from assembly of recombinant NNV capsid protein. NNV capsid proteins have been expressed in insect cells and the Escherichia coli expression system, and purified by non-scalable protocols such as ultracentrifugation on sucrose and cesium chloride density gradients.