Transcriptome Analysis of -Defective Mutant to Reveal Importance of Pd in Developing Fungal Prochloraz Resistance.

Demethylation inhibitors (DMIs), including prochloraz, are popular fungicides to control citrus postharvest pathogens such as (green mold). However, many strains have developed prochloraz resistance, which decreases drug efficacy. Specific major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter gene , encoding drug-efflux pump protein MFS2, has been identified in strain F6 (PdF6) to confer fungal strain prochloraz resistance.

Intervention effects of fructooligosaccharide and astragalus polysaccharide, as typical antibiotic alternatives, on antibiotic resistance genes in feces of layer breeding: advantages and defects.

Although antibiotic alternatives are widely used in livestock and poultry breeding industry after in-feed antibiotics ban, their intervention effects on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in these food animals' feces remain poorly understood. Here effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS), as typical antibiotic alternatives in China, on ARGs in layer feces were estimated by performing metagenomic sequencings and fluorescence quantitative PCR. Fructooligosaccharide significantly reduced sum abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) by increasing Lactobacillus clones and reducing Escherichia clones which had relatively higher abundances of ARG subtypes and MGE subtypes in layer feces.

Characterization and Functional Analysis of a New Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase (CaMK1) in the Citrus Pathogenic Fungus .

Calcium (Ca)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) act as a class of crucial elements in Ca-signal transduction pathways that regulate fungal growth, sporulation, virulence, and environmental stress tolerance. However, little is known about the function of such protein kinase in phytopathogenic species. In the present study, a new CaMK gene from the citrus pathogenic fungus , designated , was cloned and functionally characterized by gene knockout and transcriptome analysis.

Blue-White Colony Selection of Virus-Infected Isogenic Recipients Based on a Chrysovirus Isolated from Penicillium italicum.

Mycoviruses have been found to infect more than 12 species of Penicillium, but have not been isolated from Penicillium italicum (P. italicum). In this study, we isolated and characterized a new double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, designated Penicillium italicum chrysovirus 1 (PiCV1), from the citrus pathogen P.

Cooperation between two strains of Enterobacter and Klebsiella in the simultaneous nitrogen removal and phosphate accumulation processes.

Two strains, Enterobacter sp. Z1 and Klebsiella sp. Z2, were exhibited great capacities for heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HNAD) and intracellular phosphate accumulation.

Molecular Characterization of a Chrysovirus Isolated From the Citrus Pathogen and Related Fungicide Resistance Analysis.

sp. are damaging to a range of foods and fruits including citrus. To date, double-stranded (ds)RNA viruses have been reported in most species but not in citrus pathogen .

Molecular characterization of a new gammapartitivirus isolated from the citrus-pathogenic fungus Penicillium digitatum.

To date, partitiviruses, including gammapartitiviruses, have been extensively studied in various fungal hosts but have not been reported in Penicillium digitatum (also called green mold, the pathogenic fungus infecting citrus). In the present work, we isolated and molecularly characterized a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) partitivirus from citrus green mold, which we have named "Penicillium digitatum gammapartitivirus 1" (PdGV1). The bisegmented genome of PdGV1 contains two dsRNA segments (dsRNA1 and dsRNA2) with a length of 1795 bp and 1622 bp, respectively.

PCR-DGGE Analysis on Microbial Community Structure of Rural Household Biogas Digesters in Qinghai Plateau.

To investigate contribution of environmental factor(s) to microbial community structure(s) involved in rural household biogas fermentation at Qinghai Plateau, we collected slurry samples from 15 digesters, with low-temperature working conditions (11.1-15.7 °C) and evenly distributed at three counties (Datong, Huangyuan, and Ledu) with cold plateau climate, to perform polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and further sequencing.

Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening of Novel Inhibitors and Docking Analysis for CYP51A from Penicillium italicum.

Sterol 14α-demethylases from Cytochrome P450 family (CYP51s) are essential enzymes in sterol biosynthesis and well-known as the target of antifungal drugs. The 3D structure of CYP51A from (PiCYP51A) was constructed through homology modeling based on the crystal structure of human CYP51A (PDB: 3LD6). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was operated to relax the initial model and followed by quality assessment using PROCHECK program.

Aminoalcohol-Induced Activation of Organophosphorus Hydrolase (OPH) towards Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP).

Aminoalcohols have been addressed as activating buffers for alkaline phosphatase. However, there is no record on the buffer activation regarding organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH). Here we reported the activating effects of aminoalcohols on OPH-catalyzed hydrolysis of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), an analog molecule of G-type warfare agents.

The Arabidopsis polyamine transporter LHR1/PUT3 modulates heat responsive gene expression by enhancing mRNA stability.

Polyamines involve in gene regulation by interacting with and modulating the functions of various anionic macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins. In this study, we identified an important function of the polyamine transporter LHR1 (LOWER EXPRESSION OF HEAT RESPONSIVE GENE1) in heat-inducible gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. The lhr1 mutant was isolated through a forward genetic screening for altered expression of the luciferase reporter gene driven by the promoter from the heat-inducible gene AtHSP18.

A novel major facilitator superfamily transporter in Penicillium digitatum (PdMFS2) is required for prochloraz resistance, conidiation and full virulence.

Objectives: To clone a novel major facilitator superfamily (MFS, a large protein family with diverse physiological functions in all kingdoms) transporter gene, Pdmfs2, and characterize its function in Penicillium digitatum.

Results: A novel MFS transporter gene, Pdmfs2, was isolated from P. digitatum.

Isolation and characterization of a novel mycovirus from Penicillium digitatum.

A novel double-stranded RNA virus designated Penicillium digitatum virus 1 (PdV1) was isolated from the citrus fruit rot pathogen P. digitatum (HS-RH1). The full-length cDNA sequence of the dsRNA/PdV1 (5211bp) possesses two partially overlapping open reading frames, which encode a coat protein (CP) and a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), respectively.

Whole transcriptome analysis of Penicillium digitatum strains treatmented with prochloraz reveals their drug-resistant mechanisms.

Background: Penicillium digitatum is one of the most destructive postharvest pathogen of citrus fruits, causing fruit decay and economic loss. The emergence of fungicide-resistant strains made the control of P. digitatum more difficult.

A novel sterol regulatory element-binding protein gene (sreA) identified in penicillium digitatum is required for prochloraz resistance, full virulence and erg11 (cyp51) regulation.

Penicillium digitatum is the most destructive postharvest pathogen of citrus fruits, causing fruit decay and economic loss. Additionally, control of the disease is further complicated by the emergence of drug-resistant strains due to the extensive use of triazole antifungal drugs. In this work, an orthologus gene encoding a putative sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) was identified in the genome of P.

Novel mutations in CYP51B from Penicillium digitatum involved in prochloraz resistance.

Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum is one of the most serious postharvest diseases of citrus fruit, and it is ubiquitous in all citrus growing regions in the world. Sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is one of the key enzymes of sterol biosynthesis in the biological kingdom and a prime target of antifungal drugs. Mutations in CYP51s have been found to be correlated with resistance to azole fungicides in many fungal species.

Homology modeling, molecular docking and spectra assay studies of sterol 14α-demethylase from Penicillium digitatum.

Sterol 14α-demethylase from Penicillium digitatum (PdCYP51) is a prime target of antifungal drugs for citrus disease in plants. To design novel antifungal compounds, a homology model of PdCYP51 was constructed using the recently reported crystal structure of human CYP51 as the template. Molecular docking was performed to investigate the interaction of four commercial fungicides with the modeled enzyme.

Homology modeling and screening of new 14α-demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicides based on optimized expression of CYP51 from Ustilago maydis in Escherichia coli.

Ustilago maydis infection is a serious disease affecting corn crops worldwide. Sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is one of the key enzymes of sterol biosynthesis and an effective target of antifungal drugs. To further study the interaction between CYP51 and drugs and exploit more specific 14α-demethylase inhibitor (DMI) fungicides for U.

Optimised expression and spectral analysis of the target enzyme CYP51 from Penicillium digitatum with possible new DMI fungicides.

Background: Sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51), a key target of azole (DMI) fungicides, can be expressed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Green mould of citrus, caused by Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc.

Kinetics and mechanisms of p-nitrophenol biodegradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa HS-D38.

The kinetics and mechanisms of p-nitrophenol (PNP) biodegradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa HS-D38 were investigated. PNP could be used by HS-D38 strain as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy sources, and PNP was mineralized at the maximum concentration of 500 mg/L within 24 h in an mineral salt medium (MSM). The analytical results indicated that the biodegradation of PNP fit the first order kinetics model.

Glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase contribute differentially to proline accumulation in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings exposed to different salinity.

To investigate the roles of ammonium-assimilating enzymes in proline synthesis under salinity stress, the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.