Association of immune-mediated diseases with the risk of dementia and brain structure in UK Biobank participants.

Background: Immunity and inflammation may be essential to the pathogenesis of dementia. However, the association of immune-mediated diseases with the risk of incident dementia has not been well characterised.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the prospective association of 27 immune-mediated diseases and incident dementia risk and to explore the underlying mechanisms driven by brain structures.

Intra-arterial alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke after mechanical thrombectomy (PEARL): rationale and design of a multicentre, prospective, open-label, blinded-endpoint, randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: Successful reperfusion does not always lead to good neurological outcomes and impaired microcirculation can be one of the underlying causes. Intra-arterial alteplase after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) may improve microcirculation contributing to neurological recovery, but prospective randomised studies are still needed to validate its efficacy and safety. We aim to assess the efficacy and safety of intra-arterial alteplase after MT for acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) with large-vessel occlusion (LVO).

Radiation-induced Chronic Pain Plagues Head and Neck Cancer Survivors: A Cross-sectional Analysis From the Cohort in Radiotherapy-related Nervous System Complications.

The epidemiology and prognosis of radiation-induced chronic pain, especially chronic neuropathic pain (CNP), are the understudied domain among head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors after radiotherapy (RT). This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of such chronic pain, and explore its correlations with mental health, sleep disorders, cognitive function, and quality of life (QOL) within these patients. This research encompassed HNC survivors post RT.

APOE2 protects against Aβ pathology by improving neuronal mitochondrial function through ERRα signaling.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes (APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4) show different AD susceptibility. Previous studies indicated that individuals carrying the APOE2 allele reduce the risk of developing AD, which may be attributed to the potential neuroprotective role of APOE2. However, the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of APOE2 is still unclear.

Terminally differentiated cytotoxic CD4 T cells were clonally expanded in the brain lesion of radiation-induced brain injury.

Background: Accumulating evidence supports the involvement of adaptive immunity in the development of radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI). Our previous work has emphasized the cytotoxic function of CD8 T cells in RIBI. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence and potential roles of cytotoxic CD4 T cells (CD4 CTLs) in RIBI to gain a more comprehensive understanding of adaptive immunity in this context.

Progression rate of radiation-induced carotid stenosis in head and neck cancer survivors after statin treatment: a retrospective cohort study.

Background And Aims: Whether statin treatment is effective in retarding the progression of radiation-induced carotid stenosis (RICS) in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of statin treatment with RICS progression rate in HNC survivors after radiotherapy.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China.

Progression of cognitive dysfunction in NPC survivors with radiation-induced brain necrosis: A prospective cohort.

Background And Purpose: The evidence of longitudinal changes in cognition in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) survivors with radiation-induced brain necrosis (RIBN) after radiotherapy (RT) remained insufficient. We aimed to estimate the clinical progression rate of cognitive decline and identify patients with differential decline rates.

Materials And Methods: Based on an ongoing prospective cohort study, NPC patients aged ≥18 years old and diagnosed with RIBN were included in this current analysis if they finished the time frame of 3-year follow-up and had at least twice cognition assessments.

Different types of milk consumption and the risk of dementia: Analysis from a large-scale cohort study.

Background & Aims: Previous studies have investigated whether milk consumption has a role in preventing the development of cognitive impairment, but the results were inconsistent. Importantly, most of them have disregarded the role of different types of milk. This study aimed to examine the associations between different types of milk consumption and the risk of dementia.

Prognostic Value of Nutritional Assessments on Overall Survival in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors with Radiation-Induced Brain Necrosis.

Malnutrition is related to worsened prognosis, but the association between nutritional risk status and overall survival in radiation-induced brain necrosis (RN) has never been studied. We included consecutive patients who had received radiotherapy for head and neck cancer (HNC) and subsequently developed RN from 8 January 2005 through to 19 January 2020. The primary outcome was overall survival.

A radiomics model for predicting the response to methylprednisolone in brain necrosis after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Background: Methylprednisolone is recommended as the front-line therapy for radiation-induced brain necrosis (RN) after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, some patients fail to benefit from methylprednisolone or even progress. This study aimed to develop and validate a radiomic model to predict the response to methylprednisolone in RN.

Microglia drive transient insult-induced brain injury by chemotactic recruitment of CD8 T lymphocytes.

The crosstalk between the nervous and immune systems has gained increasing attention for its emerging role in neurological diseases. Radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI) remains the most common medical complication of cranial radiotherapy, and its pathological mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Here, using single-cell RNA and T cell receptor sequencing, we found infiltration and clonal expansion of CD8 T lymphocytes in the lesioned brain tissues of RIBI patients.

Association of shift work with incident dementia: a community-based cohort study.

Background: Some observational studies had found that shift work would increase risks of metabolic disorders, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases, but there was no homogeneous evidence of such an association between shift work and incident dementia. This study aimed to investigate whether shift work would increase the risk of dementia in a general population.

Methods: One hundred seventy thousand seven hundred twenty-two employed participants without cognitive impairment or dementia at baseline recruited between 2006 and 2010 were selected from the UK Biobank cohort study.

Notch Signaling Mediates Radiation-Induced Smooth Muscle Cell Hypermuscularization and Cerebral Vasculopathy.

Background: Emerging evidence highlighted vascular injury in aggravating radiation-induced brain injury (RIBI), a common complication of radiotherapy. This study aimed to delineate the pathological feature of cerebral small vessel and investigate the functional roles of Notch signaling in RIBI.

Methods: Brain tissue and functional MRI from RIBI patients were collected and analyzed for radiation-induced vasculopathy.

Establishment and Validation of a Predictive Model for Radiation-Associated Aspiration Pneumonia in Patients with Radiation-Induced Dysphagia after Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Introduction: Radiotherapy for patients with head and neck cancers raises their risk of aspiration pneumonia-related death. We aimed to develop and validate a model to predict radiation-associated aspiration pneumonia (RAP) among patients with dysphagia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Materials And Methods: A total of 453 dysphagic patients with NPC were retrospectively recruited from Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital from January 2012 to January 2018.

Mortality of early treatment for radiation-induced brain necrosis in head and neck cancer survivors: A multicentre, retrospective, registry-based cohort study.

Background: The evidence of early treatment for radiation-induced brain necrosis (RN) in head and neck cancer survivors remains insufficient. This study aimed to determine whether early anti-RN treatment was associated with lower mortality.

Methods: In this cohort study, we utilized data from the Study in Radiotherapy-related Nervous System Complications (NCT03908502) and Hong Kong Cancer Registry.

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Progression From Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia.

Background: Previous studies found that antihypertensive medications (AHMs) acting on the renin-angiotensin system had the potential to reduce the progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. However, it remains unclear whether this association differs between ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative among 403 participants with hypertension and mild cognitive impairment at baseline.

Partial Ablation of Astrocytes Exacerbates Cerebral Infiltration of Monocytes and Neuronal Loss After Brain Stab Injury in Mice.

In traumatic brain injury (TBI), mechanical injury results in instantaneous tissue damages accompanied by subsequent pro-inflammatory cascades composed of microgliosis and astrogliosis. However, the interactive roles between microglia and astrocytes during the pathogenesis of TBI remain unclear and sometimes debatable. In this study, we used a forebrain stab injury mouse model to investigate the pathological role of reactive astrocytes in cellular and molecular changes of inflammatory response following TBI.

Anti-platelet Therapy Is Associated With Lower Risk of Dementia in Patients With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease.

Introduction: Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is common among older people and it could lead to dementia. Whether anti-platelet therapy (APT) could retard the cognitive decline of CSVD is unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate, in newly diagnosed CSVD patients without dementia, the association between the APT and dementia during follow-up.

Baseline Objective Malnutritional Indices as Immune-Nutritional Predictors of Long-Term Recurrence in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background: The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) score were designed as indicators of patients’ immune-nutritional status. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of the CONUT and PNI scores on long-term recurrent ischemic stroke (RIS) and adverse outcomes for adults with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 991 AIS patients.

A novel nomogram to predict overall survival in head and neck cancer survivors with radiation-induced brain necrosis.

Background And Purpose: The study aimed to develop and validate a novel nomogram to predict overall survival in head and neck cancer survivors following the diagnosis of radiation-induced brain necrosis (RN).

Materials And Methods: We included head and neck cancer survivors with RN from a radiation complications registry study. A total of 495 eligible patients were 7:3 randomly allocated to a training cohort and an internal validation cohort.

China Registry Study on Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly: Protocol of a Prospective Cohort Study.

To develop appropriate strategies for early diagnosis and intervention of cognitive impairment, the identification of minimally invasive and cost-effective biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cognitive impairment is crucial and desirable. Therefore, the CHina registry study on cOgnitive imPairment in the Elderly (HOPE) study is designed to investigate the natural course of cognitive decline and explore the clinical, imaging, and biochemical markers for the detection and diagnosis of cognitive impairment on its earliest stage. Approximately 5,000 Chinese elderly aged more than 50 years were recruited from Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, China by the year 2024.