Tumor Vaccine Exploiting Membranes with Influenza Virus-Induced Immunogenic Cell Death to Decorate Polylactic Coglycolic Acid Nanoparticles.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells, which is characterized by releasing immunostimulatory "find me" and "eat me" signals, expressing proinflammatory cytokines and providing personalized and broad-spectrum tumor antigens draws increasing attention in developing a tumor vaccine. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the influenza virus (IAV) is efficient enough to induce ICD in tumor cells and an extra modification of IAV components such as hemeagglutinin (HA) will be helpful for the ICD-induced cells to elicit robust antitumor effects; in addition, to evaluate whether the membrane-engineering polylactic coglycolic acid nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) simulating ICD immune stimulation mechanisms hold the potential to be a promising vaccine candidate, a mouse melanoma cell line (B16-F10 cell) was infected with IAV rescued by the reverse genetic system, and the prepared cells and membrane-modified PLGA NPs were used separately to immunize the melanoma-bearing mice. IAV-infected tumor cells exhibit dying status, releasing high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and exposing calreticulin (CRT), IAV hemeagglutinin (HA), and tumor antigens like tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2).

A personalized vaccine combining immunogenic cell death-induced cells and nanosized antigens for enhanced antitumor immunity.

The tumor vaccine aims to activate the immune system, promote antitumor cellular responses, and restore immune recognition and clearance of tumor cells. However, the low immunogenicity and heterogeneity of tumor antigens, along with immunosuppressive mechanisms, severely hinder tumor vaccines from achieving an efficient and sustained antitumor effect. Herein, we developed a combined vaccine strategy that utilizes immunogenic cell death (ICD) to elicit a broad spectrum of antigen-specific responses in a whole-cell-based manner.

Engineered Bacterial Biomimetic Vesicles Reprogram Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Remodel Tumor Microenvironment to Promote Innate and Adaptive Antitumor Immune Responses.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are among the most abundant infiltrating leukocytes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Reprogramming TAMs from protumor M2 to antitumor M1 phenotype is a promising strategy for remodeling the TME and promoting antitumor immunity; however, the development of an efficient strategy remains challenging. Here, a genetically modified bacterial biomimetic vesicle (BBV) with IFN-γ exposed on the surface in a nanoassembling membrane pore structure was constructed.

Exploiting immunostimulatory mechanisms of immunogenic cell death to develop membrane-encapsulated nanoparticles as a potent tumor vaccine.

Vaccine is one of the most promising strategies for cancer immunotherapy; however, there are no therapeutic cancer vaccine achieving significant clinical efficacy till now. The main limiting factors include the immune suppression and escape mechanisms developed by tumor and not enough capacity of vaccines to induce a vigorous anti-tumor immunity. This study aimed to develop a strategy of membrane-based biomimetic nanovaccine and investigate the immunological outcomes of utilizing the unique immunostimulatory mechanisms derived of immunogenic cell death (ICD) and of fulfilling a simultaneous nanoscale delivery of a highlighted tumor antigen and broad membrane-associated tumor antigens in the vaccine design.

Study of Se/Te-doped CuO as a hole transport material in perovskite solar cells.

Theoretically, cuprous oxide (CuO) is a particularly excellent potential material, for the hole transport layer (HTL) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of its experimental samples is still not ideal. The main reasons for this include the material, and inherent and interface defects of CuO, but this can be improved by doping.

A "trained immunity" inducer-adjuvanted nanovaccine reverses the growth of established tumors in mice.

Innate immune cells are critical in antitumor immune surveillance and the development of antitumor adaptive cellular immunity. Trained innate immune cells demonstrate immune memory-like characteristics, producing more vigorous immune responses to secondary homologous or heterologous stimuli. This study aimed to investigate whether inducing trained immunity is beneficial when using a tumor vaccine to promote antitumor adaptive immune responses.

Engineered Norovirus-Derived Nanoparticles as a Plug-and-Play Cancer Vaccine Platform.

In recent years, virus-derived self-assembled protein nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as attractive antigen delivery platforms for developing both preventive and therapeutic vaccines. In this study, we exploited the genetically engineered Norovirus S domain (Nov-S) with SpyCatcher003 fused to the C-terminus to develop a robust, modular, and versatile NP-based carrier platform (Nov-S-Catcher003). The NPs can be conveniently armed in a plug-and-play pattern with SpyTag003-linked antigens.

A new personalized vaccine strategy based on inducing the pyroptosis of tumor cells by transgenic expression of a truncated GSDMD N-terminus.

The variability and heterogeneity of tumor antigens and the tumor-driven development of immunosuppressive mechanisms leading to tumor escape from established immunological surveillance. Here, the tumor cells were genetically modified to achieve an inducible overexpression of the N-terminal domain of gasdermin D (GSDMD-NT) and effectively cause pyroptosis under a strict control. Pyroptotic tumor cells release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and inflammatory cytokines to promote the maturation and migration of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs).