The ocean losing its breath under the heatwaves.

The world's oceans are under threat from the prevalence of heatwaves caused by climate change. Despite this, there is a lack of understanding regarding their impact on seawater oxygen levels - a crucial element in sustaining biological survival. Here, we find that heatwaves can trigger low-oxygen extreme events, thereby amplifying the signal of deoxygenation.

High-valent metal-oxo species transformation and regulation by co-existing chloride: Reaction pathways and impacts on the generation of chlorinated by-products.

High-valent metal-oxo species (HMOS) have been extensively recognized in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) owing to their high selectivity and high chemical utilization efficiency. However, the interactions between HMOS and halide ions in sewage wastewater are complicated, leading to ongoing debates on the intrinsic reactive species and impacts on remediation. Herein, we prepared three typical HMOS, including Fe(IV), Mn(V)-nitrilotriacetic acid complex (Mn(V)NTA) and Co(IV) through peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and comparatively studied their interactions with Cl to reveal different reactive chlorine species (RCS) and the effects of HMOS types on RCS generation pathways.

Oxide Ionic Neuro-Transistors for Bio-inspired Computing.

Current computing systems rely on Boolean logic and von Neumann architecture, where computing cells are based on high-speed electron-conducting complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistors. In contrast, ions play an essential role in biological neural computing. Compared with CMOS units, the synapse/neuron computing speed is much lower, but the human brain performs much better in many tasks such as pattern recognition and decision-making.

Observing Proton-Electron Mixed Conductivity in Graphdiyne.

Mixed conducting materials with both ionic and electronic conductivities have gained prominence in emerging applications. However, exploring material with on-demand ionic and electronic conductivities remains challenging, primarily due to the lack of correlating macroscopic conductivity with atom-scale structure. Here, the correlation of proton-electron conductivity and atom-scale structure in graphdiyne is explored.

Artificial Neuron Devices.

Efforts to design devices emulating complex cognitive abilities and response processes of biological systems have long been a coveted goal. Recent advancements in flexible electronics, mirroring human tissue's mechanical properties, hold significant promise. Artificial neuron devices, hinging on flexible artificial synapses, bioinspired sensors, and actuators, are meticulously engineered to mimic the biological systems.

pH-dependent bisphenol A transformation and iodine disinfection byproduct generation by peracetic acid: Kinetic and mechanistic explorations.

Peracetic acid (PAA) is regarded as an environmentally friendly oxidant because of its low formation of toxic byproducts. However, this study revealed the potential risk of generating disinfection byproducts (DBPs) when treating iodine-containing wastewater with PAA. The transformation efficiency of bisphenol A (BPA), a commonly detected phenolic contaminant and a surrogate for phenolic moieties in dissolved organic matter, by PAA increased rapidly in the presence of I, which was primarily attributed to the formation of active iodine (HOI/I) in the system.

Heat waves accelerate the spread of infectious diseases.

COVID-19 pandemic appeared summer surge in 2022 worldwide and this contradicts its seasonal fluctuations. Even as high temperature and intense ultraviolet radiation can inhibit viral activity, the number of new cases worldwide has increased to >78% in only 1 month since the summer of 2022 under unchanged virus mutation influence and control policies. Using the attribution analysis based on the theoretical infectious diseases model simulation, we found the mechanism of the severe COVID-19 outbreak in the summer of 2022 and identified the amplification effect of heat wave events on its magnitude.

Cryptosporidium equi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): Biological and genetic characterisations.

The horse genotype is one of three common Cryptosporidium spp. in equine animals and has been identified in some human cases. The species status of Cryptosporidium horse genotype remains unclear due to the lack of extensive morphological, biological, and genetic data.

Peracetic acid activation via the synergic effect of Co and Fe in CoFe-LDH for efficient degradation of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater.

As an oxidant, peracetic acid (PAA) is gradually applied in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for pollutants degradation due to its high oxidation and low toxicity. In this study, the prepared CoFe-LDH showed excellent PAA activation ability for efficient degradation of various pharmaceuticals with a removal efficiency ranging from 82.3% to 100%.

Optical metalenses: fundamentals, dispersion manipulation, and applications.

Metasurfaces, also known as 2D artificial metamaterials, are attracting great attention due to their unprecedented performances and functionalities that are hard to achieve by conventional diffractive or refractive elements. With their sub-wavelength optical scatterers, metasurfaces have been utilized to freely modify different characteristics of incident light such as amplitude, polarization, phase, and frequency. Compared to traditional bulky lenses, metasurface lenses possess the advantages of flatness, light weight, and compatibility with semiconductor manufacture technology.

MicroRNA-338-3p as a therapeutic target in cardiac fibrosis through FGFR2 suppression.

Background: The development of cardiac fibrosis involves the activation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and their differentiation into myofibroblasts, which leads to the disruption of the extracellular matrix network. In the past few years, microRNAs (miRNA) have been described as potential targets for treating cardiac diseases. Although miR-338-3p has been shown to participate in the development of carcinoma, whether it affects cardiac fibrosis is unclear.

A Photoelectric Spiking Neuron for Visual Depth Perception.

The biological visual system encodes optical information into spikes and processes them by the neural network, which enables the perception with high throughput of visual processing with ultralow energy budget. This has inspired a wide spectrum of devices to imitate such neural process, while precise mimicking such procedure is still highly required. Here, a highly bio-realistic photoelectric spiking neuron for visual depth perception is presented.

Neuromorphic Devices for Bionic Sensing and Perception.

Neuromorphic devices that can emulate the bionic sensory and perceptual functions of neural systems have great applications in personal healthcare monitoring, neuro-prosthetics, and human-machine interfaces. In order to realize bionic sensing and perception, it's crucial to prepare neuromorphic devices with the function of perceiving environment in real-time. Up to now, lots of efforts have been made in the incorporation of the bio-inspired sensing and neuromorphic engineering in the booming artificial intelligence industry.

Critical review of natural iron-based minerals used as heterogeneous catalysts in peroxide activation processes: Characteristics, applications and mechanisms.

Recently, an increasing number of works have been reported about iron-based materials applied as catalysts in peroxide activation processes to degrade pollutants in water. Iron-based catalysts include synthetic and natural iron-based materials. However, some synthetic iron-based materials are difficult to scale up in the practical applications due to high cost and serious secondary environmental pollution.

Ulinastatin Inhibits the Proliferation, Invasion and Phenotypic Switching of PDGF-BB-Induced VSMCs via Akt/eNOS/NO/cGMP Signaling Pathway.

Background: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease responsible for thrombosis, blood supply disorders, myocardial infarction and strokes, eventually leading to increased deaths and reduced quality of life. As inflammation plays a vital role in the development of this disease, the present study aims to investigate whether urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) with anti-inflammatory property can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and phenotypic switching of PDGF-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and probe its potential mechanism.

Methods: Western blot was used to detect the expressions of the proteins related to the Akt/eNOS/NO/cGMP signaling pathway, phenotypic switching and proliferation.

Exploring biomarkers and therapeutic targets for pressure overload induced heart failure based on microarray data.

Background: Heart failure (HF) is an end stage heart condition with poor prognosis which brings about tremendous social medical cost. Along decades, mechanism and treatments of HF have been under restless research.

Methods: In the present study, we first established pressure overload induced HF model using transaortic arch constriction (TAC) method in mice.

The strategy for improving the stability of nitroform derivatives-high-energetic oxidant based on hexanitroethane.

To develop high-energetic stability nitroform compounds, three types of nitroform derivatives based on hexanitroethane structure are designed. The guidelines for selecting these compounds are based on (1) constructing a flexible molecule and weakening the external force by elastic deformation and (2) forming negative ion or introducing electron-rich group to eliminate the electron-deficient situation. The conformations and some important properties of them are calculated at B3LYP/6-311 + G(d) level.

Time-Tailoring van der Waals Heterostructures for Human Memory System Programming.

The human memory system plays an indispensable role in oblivion, learning, and memorization. Implementing a memory system within electronic devices contributes an important step toward constructing a neuromorphic system that emulates advanced mental functions of the human brain. Given the complex time-tailoring requirement, integrating a human memory system into one system is a great challenge.

Decrease in Serum Levels of Adiponectin and Increase in 8-OHdG: a Culprit for Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: Adiponectin and 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) are identified as important biomarkers in the pathogenesis process of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Whether adiponectin and 8-OHdG have a relation to cognitive decline in the elderly T2DM patients has been poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of adiponectin and 8-OHdG in the elderly patients with T2DM and to determine the role of adiponectin and 8-OHdG in the cognitive impairment of the elderly patients with T2DM.

Spatiotemporal Information Processing Emulated by Multiterminal Neuro-Transistor Networks.

All external sensory stimuli produce a spatiotemporal pattern of action potentials, which is transmitted to the biological neural system to be processed. The relative timing of synaptic spikes from different presynaptic neurons represents the features of the stimuli. A fundamental prerequisite in cortical information processing is the discrimination of different spatiotemporal input sequences.

Optoelectronic Properties of Printed Photogating Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Transistors and Their Application for Light-Stimulated Neuromorphic Devices.

Artificial synapses/neurons based on electronic/ionic hybrid devices have attracted wide attention for brain-inspired neuromorphic systems since it is possible to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck of the neuromorphic computing paradigm. Here, we report a novel photoneuromorphic device based on printed photogating single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin film transistors (TFTs) using lightly n-doped Si as the gate electrode. The drain currents of the printed SWCNT TFTs can gradually increase to over 3000 times of their starting value after being pulsed with light stimulation, and the electrical signals can maintain for over 10 min.

A MoS /PTCDA Hybrid Heterojunction Synapse with Efficient Photoelectric Dual Modulation and Versatility.

Just as biological synapses provide basic functions for the nervous system, artificial synaptic devices serve as the fundamental building blocks of neuromorphic networks; thus, developing novel artificial synapses is essential for neuromorphic computing. By exploiting the band alignment between 2D inorganic and organic semiconductors, the first multi-functional synaptic transistor based on a molybdenum disulfide (MoS )/perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) hybrid heterojunction, with remarkable short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term plasticity (LTP), is reported. Owing to the elaborate design of the energy band structure, both robust electrical and optical modulation are achieved through carriers transfer at the interface of the heterostructure, which is still a challenging task to this day.

Coplanar Multigate MoS Electric-Double-Layer Transistors for Neuromorphic Visual Recognition.

Spatial coordinate and visual orientation recognition in cortical cells play important roles in the visual system. Herein, spatiotemporally processed visual neurons are mimicked by a facile coplanar multigate two-dimensional (2D) MoS electric-double-layer transistor with proton-conducting poly(vinyl alcohol) electrolytes as laterally coupled gate dielectrics. Fundamental neuromorphic behaviors, e.

Role of S-100β in stroke.

The S-100β levels are associated with a variety of acute disorders and other chronic diseases, such as head injury, stroke, metastatic melanoma, cardiac surgery, bone fractures, burns and contusions. The serum S-100β levels seem to increase with the volume of tissue damage. Higher serum S-100β levels have been observed after brain damage or stroke.