Penehyclidine Hydrochloride Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Ameliorating Apoptosis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.

Background: Penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC), a novel anticholinergic reagent, has been shown to exert anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), antioxidant, and antiinflammation functions in various rat models. However, the definite pathogenesis of lung defensive roles of PHC remains unclear. This study measured the functions of PHC on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.

Seawater Immersion Aggravates Burn Injury Causing Severe Blood Coagulation Dysfunction.

This study aimed to investigate the endothelial function in a canine model of burn injury combined with seawater immersion. The model of burn injury was established. The dogs were randomly divided into four groups including dogs with burn injury (B group), or burn injury combined with seawater immersion (BI group), or only immersion in seawater (I group), or control animals with no injury or immersion (C group).

Major stress hormones suppress the response of macrophages through down-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4.

Background: Severe trauma often leads to diminished cytokines especially from macrophages to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. However, the molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. As surgical trauma could also induce neuroendocrine hormones to modulate the immune system, we investigated the effects of major hormones, including endogenous glucocorticoid (corticosterone (CORT)), epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE) on the expression and response of TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophages.