[Epidemiological survey of a captive Chinese rhesus macaque breeding colony in Yunnan for SRV, STLV and BV].

Nonhuman primates are critical resources for biomedical research. Rhesus macaque is a popularly used laboratory nonhuman primate that share many characteristics with humans. However, rhesus macaques are the natural host of two exogenous retroviruses, SRV (simian type D retrovirus) and STLV (simian T lymphotropic virus).

Schilancitrilactones A-C: three unique nortriterpenoids from Schisandra lancifolia.

Three unique nortriterpenoids, schilancitrilactones A-C (1-3), were isolated from the stems of Schisandra lancifolia . Compound 1 possesses a 5/5/7/5/5/5-fused hexacyclic ring system with a C(29) backbone, while 2 and 3 feature a C(27) skeleton with a 5/7/5/5/5-fused pentacyclic ring system. Their absolute stereochemistries were established by CD and single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments.

Extensive and complex HIV-1 recombination between B', C and CRF01_AE among IDUs in south-east Asia.

Objective: To investigate the subtype characterization of HIV-1 among IDUs in northern Myanmar.

Design: A molecular epidemiological investigation was conducted among IDUs in Laza and Maizayang cities of northern Myanmar.

Methods: A total of 83 HIV-1-positive serums were collected from consenting IDUs during June to August 2009.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel amprenavir-based P1-substituted bi-aryl derivatives as ultra-potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors.

A series of P1-substituted biaryl amprenavir derivatives was designed and synthesized. These compounds were evaluated for enzyme inhibition and antiviral activity in vitro. Several compounds showed highly efficient antiviral activity with EC(50) values down to 0.

The β2-microglobulin-free heterodimerization of rhesus monkey MHC class I A with its normally spliced variant reduces the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of MHC class I A.

The MHC class I (MHC I) molecules play a pivotal role in the regulation of immune responses by presenting antigenic peptides to CTLs and by regulating cytolytic activities of NK cells. In this article, we show that MHC I A in rhesus macaques can be alternatively spliced, generating a novel MHC I A isoform (termed "MHC I A-sv1") devoid of α(3) domain. Despite the absence of β2-microglobulin (β2m), the MHC I A-sv1 proteins reached the cell surface of K562-transfected cells as endoglycosidase H-sensitive glycoproteins that could form disulfide-bonded homodimers.

Daphnane-type diterpene esters with cytotoxic and anti-HIV-1 activities from Daphne acutiloba Rehd.

Seven previously unreported daphnane-type diterpene esters named acutilobins A-G, together with 12 known ones, were isolated from EtOAc extract of Daphne acutiloba Rehd. Their structures were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data. The cytotoxic and anti-HIV-1 activities of these daphnane-type diterpene esters were evaluated through bioassays.

Effect of plasma viremia on apoptosis and immunophenotype of dendritic cells subsets in acute SIVmac239 infection of Chinese rhesus macaques.

Non-human primates such as Chinese rhesus macaques (Ch Rhs) provide good animal models for research on human infectious diseases. Similar to humans, there are two principal subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) in the peripheral blood of Ch Rhs: myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). In this study, two-color fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analyses were used to identify the main DC subsets, namely CD1c(+) mDCs and pDCs from Ch Rhs.

Three new arylnaphthalene lignans from Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis.

Three new arylnaphthalene lignans, named sinensisins A-C (1-3), together with three known compounds, were isolated from the aerial parts of Schisandra propinqua var. sinensis. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, and compound 1 exhibited weak anti-HIV-1 activity with an TI value of 6.

Neolignans from Schisandra wilsoniana and their anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 activities.

Four new neolignans, marphenols G-J (1-4), together with two known ones, were isolated from the leaves and stems of Schisandra wilsoniana. The structures of 1-4 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques. New compounds 1-4 were tested for their anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 activities and they showed weak bioactivities.

NHERF1 regulates gp120-induced internalization and signaling by CCR5, and HIV-1 production.

The scaffolding protein Na(+) /H(+) exchanger regulator factor 1 (NHERF1) plays an important role in the trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors. We previously demonstrated that NHERF1 is involved in chemokine receptor CCR5 homodimer internalization and signal transduction. Given the importance of CCR5 internalization during HIV-1 infection, we evaluated NHERF1's contribution in HIV-1 infection.

Phenols with anti-HIV activity from Daphne acutiloba.

The present paper describes the study of the phytochemical properties and anti-HIV activity of the phenolic isolates of the plateau medicinal plant Daphne acutiloba Rehd. (Thymelaeceae). Two new lignans named daphnenin (1) and daphnetone (2), along with 11 known ones, were isolated, and their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2DNMR spectroscopy aswell as HR‑ESI‑MS.

Chemical constituents and their bioactivities of "Tongling White Ginger" (Zingiber officinale).

Gingerols and their corresponding dehydration products shogaols were considered as the active principles of ginger, the rhizome of the plant Zingiber officinale, for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. Ginger (Z. officinale) has been cultivated for thousands of years as a spice and for medicinal purposes in China.

Zinc-finger antiviral protein inhibits HIV-1 infection by selectively targeting multiply spliced viral mRNAs for degradation.

The zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) was originally identified as a host factor that inhibits the replication of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Here we report that ZAP inhibits HIV-1 infection by promoting the degradation of specific viral mRNAs. Overexpression of ZAP rendered cells resistant to HIV-1 infection in a ZAP expression level-dependent manner, whereas depletion of endogenous ZAP enhanced HIV-1 infection.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of HQCAs with aryl or benzyl substituents on N-1 position as potential HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.

A series of new 5-hydroxylquinolone-3-carboxylic acids (HQCAs) with various aryl or benzyl substituents on N-1 position were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV activity in C8166 cell culture. Most of the target compounds displayed activity against wide-type HIV-1 in the low micromolar range in infected C8166 cells. The most active compound 5 g exhibited activity against wild-type HIV-1 and HIV-1 mutant virus A17 with an EC(50) value of 3.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of (±)-benzhydrol derivatives as potent non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

A series of (±)-benzhydrol derivatives featuring the essential sulfonamide group at the para position on the C-ring were synthesized and evaluated for the potential anti-HIV activity in C8166 cells. Most of these analogues demonstrated low concentration inhibitory activity with EC(50) values less than 1 μM against the wild-type HIV-1. In particular, compound 7h was identified as the highest active inhibitor of wild-type HIV-1 with an EC(50) value of 0.

Structural modifications of quinolone-3-carboxylic acids with anti-HIV activity.

A series of new quinolone-3-carboxylic acids featuring a hydroxyl group at C-5 position were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro activity against HIV in C8166 cell culture. All the compounds showed anti-HIV-1 activity with low micromolar to submicromolar EC(50) values. The most active compound 2k exhibited activity against wild-type HIV-1 with an EC(50) value of 0.

Synthesis and biological activity of naphthyl-substituted (B-ring) benzophenone derivatives as novel non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

A novel series of benzophenone derivatives with B-ring substituted by naphthyl ring has been synthesized and evaluated as non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Most of these compounds showed good to moderate activity against wild-type HIV-1 and mutated viruses. In particular, the analogue 10i demonstrated the most potent activity against wild-type HIV-1 with an EC₅₀ value of 4.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of naphthyl phenyl ethers (NPEs) as novel nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

A novel series of naphthyl phenyl ether analogues (NPEs) have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro activities against HIV in C8166 cells. Most of the compounds exhibited moderate to excellent anti-HIV activities. Among them the most active compound 12o showed excellent activities against wild-type HIV-1 with an EC(50) value of 4.

Mangiferin, an anti-HIV-1 agent targeting protease and effective against resistant strains.

The anti-HIV-1 activity of mangiferin was evaluated. Mangiferin can inhibit HIV-1(Ⅲ)(B) induced syncytium formation at non-cytotoxic concentrations, with a 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) at 16.90 μM and a therapeutic index (TI) above 140.

Sesquiterpene and norsesquiterpene derivatives from Sanicula lamelligera and their biological evaluation.

Fourteen sesquiterpene and norsesquiterpene derivatives, comprising six different carbon skeletons, were isolated from Sanicula lamelligera. Saniculamoid A1 (1a) is an oxidation product of saniculamoid A (1), created by the transition of a formyl group to a carboxylic acid group after a period of storage in air. The known compounds 5-14 were identified in Sanicula plants for the first time.

Tigliane-type diterpenoid glycosides from Euphorbia fischeriana.

Investigation of whole plants of Euphorbia fischeriana afforded three new tigliane-diterpenoid glycosides, fischerosides A-C (1-3), together with 11 known diterpenoids. Fischerosides A-C (1-3) are the first tigliane-type diterpenoid glucosides. Their structures were determined by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR, MS, and acid hydrolysis.

[Advances in the study of anti-HIV natural compounds derived from traditional Chinese medicines].

Anti-HIV drugs still remain as the dominant role in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), because no vaccine was found till today. Owing to structural diversity, few side effects, and abundant resources, natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicines and medicinal plants have unique advantages and good potential in prevention and treatment of AIDS. Many researchers have made great efforts in the field of anti-HIV natural compounds, and have found some natural compounds from traditional Chinese medicines with potent anti-HIV activities.

The anti-HIV activity of three 2-alkylsulfanyl-6-benzyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-4 (3H)-one derivatives acting as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor in vitro.

It was recently shown that several new synthetic 2-alkylsulfanyl-6-benzyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-one (S-DABO) derivatives demonstrated anti-HIV-1 activity. Three of the derivatives namely RZK-4, RZK-5 and RZK-6 were used in this study to explore their inhibitory effects on a variety of HIV strains. These compounds at a concentration of 200 microg mL(-1) almost completely inhibited the activity of recombinant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

[Identification of the TRIM5/TRIMCyp heterozygous genotype in Macaca assamensis].

The lack of appropriate animal models that utilizes HIV-1 as the challenge virus is a major impediment to HIV/AIDS research. A major reason underlying the inability of HIV-1 to replicate in nonhuman primate cells is the existence of host antiviral restriction factors. The intrinsic antiviral proteins in host cells are described as restriction factors.