RAAS in diabetic retinopathy: mechanisms and therapies.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes with a complex pathophysiology and multiple factors involved. Recently, it has been found that the upregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) leads to overexpression of angiotensin II (Ang II), which induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and angiogenesis in the retina. Therefore, RAAS may be a promising therapeutic target in DR.

Insulin resistance is associated with the presence and severity of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: To assess the relationship between novel insulin resistance (IR) indices and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 2211 patients. The study outcomes were DR events.

Uric acid index is a risk for mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes.

Background: A new uric acid (UA) index has recently been proposed, while serum uric acid (SUA), fasting triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose levels in the index are shown to affect cognitive function. This study aims to investigate the clinical value of the UA index for assessing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients.

Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study with 616 participants.

Relationship Between Index of Cardiac Electrophysiological Balance, Frontal QRS-T Angle and Retinopathy in People with Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, which is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death (SCD). The index of cardiac electrophysiological balance (iCEB) and the frontal QRS-T angle are recommended to predict the risk of ventricular arrhythmias more than other ECG parameters. However, the relationships between these two markers and DR have not yet been explored.

Triglyceride Glucose Index is Related with the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index reflects insulin resistance; the latter being associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of the TyG index to identify MCI in patients living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) using a cross-sectional study.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 517 patients with T2D.

Exosomal ncRNAs: Novel therapeutic target and biomarker for diabetic complications.

Exosomes are discoid vesicles with a diameter of 40-160 nm. They are mainly derived from the multivesicular body formed by the invagination of lysosomal particles in the cell, which are released into the extracellular matrix after the fusion of the outer membrane. Exosomes are widespread and distributed in various body fluids, they are rich in nucleic acids (microRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, mRNA, tRNA, etc.