The Clinical Outcomes of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Are Not Better than Those of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

The incidence of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is increasing; however, predictors of outcomes for patients with LGIB are not as well defined as those for patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). The aim of this study was to identify the clinical outcomes and the predictors of poor outcomes for patients with LGIB, compared to outcomes for patients with UGIB. We identified patients with LGIB or UGIB who underwent endoscopic procedures between July 2006 and February 2013.

Successful Endoscopic Hemostasis Is a Protective Factor for Rebleeding and Mortality in Patients with Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

Background: Rebleeding and mortality rates remain high in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Aim: To identify clinical and endoscopic risk factors for rebleeding and mortality in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Methods: This study was performed in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding who underwent upper endoscopic procedures between July 2006 and February 2013.

Effect of a mixed herb-enriched diet on the innate immune response and disease resistance of Paralichthys olivaceus against Philasterides dicentrarchi infection.

We investigated the effect of a mixed herb-enriched diet obtained from pomegranate Punica granatum, Dalmatian chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, and mastic-leaved prickly-ash Zanthoxylum schinifolium on innate immune mechanisms (e.g., phagocytosis activity, respiratory burst activity, alternative complement activity, lysozyme activity, and disease resistance) of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus against the scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi.

Immunomodulatory effect of sodium alginate enriched diet in kelp grouper Epinephelus brneus against Streptococcus iniae.

The effect of diets containing sodium alginate at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.

Effect of Punica granatum solvent extracts on immune system and disease resistance in Paralichthys olivaceus against lymphocystis disease virus (LDV).

We report the effect of aqueous, ethanol, and methanol solvent leaf extracts of Punica granatum on innate immune mechanisms, such as phagocytosis activity, respiratory burst activity, alternative complement activity, lysozyme activity and functional immunity in terms of percentage cumulative mortality and Relative Percent Survival (RPS) in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus naturally infected with lymphocystis disease virus (LDV) after 8 weeks. Infected fish were intraperitoneally administered with 0, 5, 50, and 100 mg kg(-1) body weight of solvent extracts. In groups treated with 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) body weight, the chosen innate immune parameters significantly increased after 8 weeks when compared to 0 mg kg(-1) dose, but not with 5 mg kg(-1).

Effect of traditional Korean medicinal (TKM) triherbal extract on the innate immune system and disease resistance in Paralichthys olivaceus against Uronema marinum.

We report the effect of aqueous-, ethanol- and methanol-solvent-derived extracts of three traditional Korean herbs, Punica granatum, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and Zanthoxylum schinifolium, by monitoring the innate immune mechanisms, such as phagocytosis activity, respiratory burst activity, alternative complement activity and lysozyme activity and the functional immunity in terms of percentage mortality and relative percent survival (RPS) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) against Uronema marinum (1 x 10(5)ciliates ml(-1)) for 30 days. Fish were intraperitoneally administered with 5, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) body weight of each traditional Korean medicinal (TKM) solvent extract except the control and infected untreated groups. In all the treated groups at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) body weight, the chosen innate immune parameters were found significantly enhanced when compared to 0 mg kg(-1) dose.

Innate immune response and disease resistance in Carassius auratus by triherbal solvent extracts.

This study reports the effect of aqueous, ethanol and methanol triherbal solvent extract from Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum and Curcuma longa on innate immune mechanisms such as phagocytosis activity, respiratory burst activity, alternative complement activity and lysozyme activity and disease resistance in goldfish (Carassius auratus) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish were intraperitoneally injected with different doses of 0, 5, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) body weight of each triherbal solvent extracts. The functional immunity in terms of percentage mortality and Relative Percent Survival (RPS) and innate immune response was assessed on week 1, 2 and 4 by challenging with live A.