Behavioral pain scales, vital signs, and pupilometry to pain assessment in the critically ill patient: A cross sectional study.

Background: Detecting pain in sedated critically ill patients requires utmost attention.

Aim: To assess the pain in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients with the Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS), Behavioral Indicators Pain Scale (ESCID), the pupillary dilation response (PDR), and vital signs.

Design: Cross-sectional study METHODS: The study was conducted between March and December 2019, involving patients with a baseline BPS of 3, ESCID of 0, and RASS between -1 and -4.

The pupillary dilation reflex to a nociceptive stimulus as a tool for analgesia management: A diagnostic study.

Background: More than 70% of patients demonstrate pain after endotracheal aspiration. Tools are needed to objectify the need for analgesia in non-communicative critically ill patients.

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the lowest intensity electrical stimulus for detecting pain before daily care interventions.

Pupillary dilation reflex and behavioural pain scale: Study of diagnostic test.

Background: The objective of this study was to assess the value of the pupillary dilation reflex as an assessment pain tool in critically ill patients. It is important to continue working for the well-being and security of critically ill patients.

Methods: We studied the diagnostic accuracy of the pupillary dilation reflex against the Behavioral Pain Scale.