Dietary burden of phosphorus and aluminum in ready-to-eat wheat flour tortillas exceed that of corn tortillas: Implications for patients with renal or cardiovascular disease.

Ready-to-eat, shelf-stable tortillas contain several phosphorus- and aluminum-containing additives that may increase the risk of adverse events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present study analyzes and compares the elemental content of wheat flour and corn tortillas with special reference to dietary aluminum and phosphorus burden. Twenty-one elements were quantified by ICP-MS and ICP-OES in 14 corn and 13 wheat flour tortilla brands purchased from local supermarkets in Southern California.

Macrophage Polarization Status Impacts Nanoceria Cellular Distribution but Not Its Biotransformation or Ferritin Effects.

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against external threats through the initiation and regulation of inflammation. Macrophage differentiation into functional phenotypes influences the fate of nanomaterials taken up by these immune cells. High-resolution electron microscopy was used to investigate the uptake, distribution, and biotransformation of nanoceria in human and murine M1 and M2 macrophages in unprecedented detail.

Cerium dioxide, a Jekyll and Hyde nanomaterial, can increase basal and decrease elevated inflammation and oxidative stress.

It was hypothesized that the catalyst nanoceria can increase inflammation/oxidative stress from the basal and reduce it from the elevated state. Macrophages clear nanoceria. To test the hypothesis, M0 (non-polarized), M1- (classically activated, pro-inflammatory), and M2-like (alternatively activated, regulatory phenotype) RAW 264.

Direct nose to the brain nanomedicine delivery presents a formidable challenge.

This advanced review describes the anatomical and physiological barriers and mechanisms impacting nanomedicine translocation from the nasal cavity directly to the brain. There are significant physiological and anatomical differences in the nasal cavity, olfactory area, and airflow reaching the olfactory epithelium between humans and experimentally studied species that should be considered when extrapolating experimental results to humans. Mucus, transporters, and tight junction proteins present barriers to material translocation across the olfactory epithelium.

Laser irradiation as a novel alternative to detach intact particulate matter collected on air filters.

Airborne particulate matter (PM) is collected on specific filters. For subsequent testing, the PM should be detached intact from the filter. Liquid extraction (LE), the standard method to detach PM from air filter surfaces, is challenging and can be tedious.

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles, so-called nanoceria, are engineered nanomaterials prepared by many methods that result in products with varying physicochemical properties and applications. Those used industrially are often calcined, an example is NM-212. Other nanoceria have beneficial pharmaceutical properties and are often prepared by solvothermal synthesis.

Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports.

Publications addressing aluminum (Al)-induced reproductive toxicity were reviewed. Key details were compiled in summary tables. Approximate systemic Al exposure, a measure of bioavailability, was calculated for each exposure, based on the Al percentage in the dosed Al species, Al bioavailability, and absorption time course reports for the exposure route.

Nanoceria distribution and effects are mouse-strain dependent.

Prior studies showed nanoparticle clearance was different in C57BL/6 versus BALB/c mice, strains prone to Th1 and Th2 immune responses, respectively. : Assess nanoceria (cerium oxide, CeO nanoparticle) uptake time course and organ distribution, cellular and oxidative stress, and bioprocessing as a function of mouse strain. : C57BL/6 and BALB/c female mice were i.

Tissue Specific Fate of Nanomaterials by Advanced Analytical Imaging Techniques - A Review.

A variety of imaging and analytical methods have been developed to study nanoparticles in cells. Each has its benefits, limitations, and varying degrees of expense and difficulties in implementation. High-resolution analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) has the unique ability to image local cellular environments adjacent to a nanoparticle at near atomic resolution and apply analytical tools to these environments such as energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy.

Nanoparticle brain delivery: a guide to verification methods.

Many reports conclude nanoparticle (NP) brain entry based on bulk brain analysis. Bulk brain includes blood, cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels within the brain contributing to the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Considering the brain as neurons, glia and their extracellular space (brain parenchyma), most studies did not show brain parenchymal NP entry.

Plasma and Serum Proteins Bound to Nanoceria: Insights into Pathways by which Nanoceria may Exert Its Beneficial and Deleterious Effects .

Nanoceria (CeO, cerium oxide nanoparticles) is proposed as a therapeutic for multiple disorders. In blood, nanoceria becomes protein-coated, changing its surface properties to yield a different presentation to cells. There is little information on the interaction of nanoceria with blood proteins.

Simulated biological fluid exposure changes nanoceria's surface properties but not its biological response.

Nanoscale cerium dioxide (nanoceria) has industrial applications, capitalizing on its catalytic, abrasive, and energy storage properties. It auto-catalytically cycles between Ce and Ce, giving it pro-and anti-oxidative properties. The latter mediates beneficial effects in models of diseases that have oxidative stress/inflammation components.

Surface-controlled dissolution rates: a case study of nanoceria in carboxylic acid solutions.

Nanoparticle dissolution in local milieu can affect their ecotoxicity and therapeutic applications. For example, carboxylic acid release from plant roots can solubilize nanoceria in the rhizosphere, affecting cerium uptake in plants. Nanoparticle dispersions were dialyzed against ten carboxylic acid solutions for up to 30 weeks; the membrane passed cerium-ligand complexes but not nanoceria.

Imatinib mesylate effects on zebrafish reproductive success: Gonadal development, gamete quality, fertility, embryo-larvae viability and development, and related genes.

Imatinib (IM) is a tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor (TKI) used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia. Clinical case reports and a few laboratory mammal studies provide inconclusive evidence about its deleterious effects on reproduction. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the potential of zebrafish to characterize IM-induced effects on reproduction and clarify IM effects on reproductive success.

Carboxylic acids accelerate acidic environment-mediated nanoceria dissolution.

Ligands that accelerate nanoceria dissolution may greatly affect its fate and effects. This project assessed the carboxylic acid contribution to nanoceria dissolution in aqueous, acidic environments. Nanoceria has commercial and potential therapeutic and energy storage applications.

Methods to Quantify Nanomaterial Association with, and Distribution Across, the Blood-Brain Barrier In Vivo.

The role and functional anatomy of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is summarized to enable the investigator to appropriately address evaluation of nanomaterial interaction with, and distribution across, it into brain tissue (parenchyma). Transport mechanisms across the BBB are presented, in relation to nanomaterial physicochemical properties. Measures and test substances to assess BBB integrity/disruption/permeation are introduced, along with how they are used to interpret the results obtained with the presented methods.

Morphometric characteristics and time to hatch as efficacious indicators for potential nanotoxicity assay in zebrafish.

Although the effects of nano-sized titania (nTiO ) on hatching events (change in hatching time and total hatching) in zebrafish have been reported, additional consequences of nTiO exposure (i.e., the effects of nTiO -induced changes in hatching events and morphometric parameters on embryo-larvae development and survivability) have not been reported.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of nanoceria systemic distribution in rats suggests dose- and route-dependent biokinetics.

Background: Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are increasingly being used in a variety of products as catalysts, coatings, and polishing agents. Furthermore, their antioxidant properties make nanoceria potential candidates for biomedical applications. To predict and avoid toxicity, information about their biokinetics is essential.

Analytical High-resolution Electron Microscopy Reveals Organ-specific Nanoceria Bioprocessing.

This is the first utilization of advanced analytical electron microscopy methods, including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping to characterize the organ-specific bioprocessing of a relatively inert nanomaterial (nanoceria). Liver and spleen samples from rats given a single intravenous infusion of nanoceria were obtained after prolonged (90 days) in vivo exposure. These advanced analytical electron microscopy methods were applied to elucidate the organ-specific cellular and subcellular fate of nanoceria after its uptake.

Biokinetics of Nanomaterials: the Role of Biopersistence.

Nanotechnology risk management strategies and environmental regulations continue to rely on hazard and exposure assessment protocols developed for bulk materials, including larger size particles, while commercial application of nanomaterials (NMs) increases. In order to support and corroborate risk assessment of NMs for workers, consumers, and the environment it is crucial to establish the impact of biopersistence of NMs at realistic doses. In the future, such data will allow a more refined future categorization of NMs.

Toxic and Essential Trace Element Content of Commonly Administered Pediatric Oral Medications.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that commonly administered pediatric oral medications are a significant source of toxic elements. The concentrations of 16 elements were determined in 14 frequently used pediatric oral medications.

Methods: Samples were prepared for analysis by dilution or nitric acid microwave-assisted digestion and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

From Dose to Response: In Vivo Nanoparticle Processing and Potential Toxicity.

Adverse human health impacts due to occupational and environmental exposures to manufactured nanoparticles are of concern and pose a potential threat to the continued industrial use and integration of nanomaterials into commercial products. This chapter addresses the inter-relationship between dose and response and will elucidate on how the dynamic chemical and physical transformation and breakdown of the nanoparticles at the cellular and subcellular levels can lead to the in vivo formation of new reaction products. The dose-response relationship is complicated by the continuous physicochemical transformations in the nanoparticles induced by the dynamics of the biological system, where dose, bio-processing, and response are related in a non-linear manner.

Physicochemical properties of engineered nanomaterials that influence their nervous system distribution and effects.

This critical review examines in vitro and in vivo evidence for the influence of engineered nanomaterial (ENM) physicochemical properties on their distribution into, and effects on, the nervous system. Nervous system applications of ENMs; exposure routes and potential for uptake; the nervous system and its barriers to ENM uptake; and the mechanisms of uptake into the nervous system and overcoming those barriers are summarized. The findings of English-language publications of studies that included at least two variations of an ENM physicochemical property and reported results of their pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic interaction with the nervous system that differed as a function of ENM physicochemical property(ies) are summarized in Supplementary Materials.