Development of the external and internal shame scale: Japanese version.

Objective: Shame contains external and internal aspects. However, a Japanese language scale for simultaneously assessing both aspects of shame has not been developed to date. This study aimed to standardize the Japanese version of the External and Internal Shame Scale (EISS-J).

Development of the Japanese version of the Other As Shamer Scale using item response theory.

Objective: External shame reflects a person's anxiety that he or she might be rejected by others. The Other as Shamer Scale (OAS) is a scale for assessing external shame. The Japanese version of the OAS was developed, and its reliability and validity were examined using Item Response Theory (IRT).

Alterations of mental defeat and cognitive flexibility during cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with major depressive disorder: a single-arm pilot study.

Objective: Mental defeat affects the occurrence and chronicity of depression and cognitive flexibility. This study aimed to examine changes in mental defeat and cognitive flexibility scores after cognitive behavioral therapy including IR. In the intervention group, patients with depression (n = 18, mean age = 37.

Does cognitive behavioral therapy alter mental defeat and cognitive flexibility in patients with panic disorder?

Objective: Mental defeat and cognitive flexibility have been studied as explanatory factors for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. This study examined mental defeat and cognitive flexibility scores in patients with panic disorder (PD) before and after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and compared them to those of a gender- and age-matched healthy control group.

Results: Patients with PD (n = 15) received 16 weekly individual CBT sessions, and the control group (n = 35) received no treatment.

Exploratory study of imagery rescripting without focusing on early traumatic memories for major depressive disorder.

Background: Mental imagery has a more powerful impact on our emotions than thinking in words about the same material. Treating intrusive images with imagery rescripting (IR) has been reported for various disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and bipolar disorder. There has been less research about IR as a major depressive disorder (MDD).