National Facilitators and Barriers to the Implementation of Incentives for Antibiotic Access and Innovation.

Prominent reports have assessed the challenges to antibiotic innovation and recommended implementing "pull" incentives, i.e., mechanisms that give increased and predictable revenues for important, marketed antibiotics.

Infection prevention and control research priorities: what do we need to combat healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance? Results of a narrative literature review and survey analysis.

Background: Infection prevention and control (IPC) is one of the most cost-effective interventions against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Yet, IPC knowledge gaps often receive little prominence in AMR research agendas. In this article, we construct IPC research priorities, in order to draw attention to these critical research needs.

Financing Pull Mechanisms for Antibiotic-Related Innovation: Opportunities for Europe.

Antibiotic innovation is in serious jeopardy as companies continue to abandon the market due to a lack of profitability. Novel antibiotics must be used sparingly to hinder the spread of resistance, but small companies cannot survive on revenues that do not cover operational costs. When these companies either go bankrupt or move onto other therapeutic areas, these antibiotics may be no longer accessible to patients.

Class 1 integrons are low-cost structures in Escherichia coli.

Resistance integrons are bacterial genetic platforms that can capture and express antibiotic resistance genes embedded within gene cassettes. The capture and shuffling of gene cassettes are mediated by the integrase IntI, the expression of which is regulated by the SOS response in Escherichia coli. Gene cassettes are expressed from a common Pc promoter.