Cervical electromyogram profile differences between patients of neck pain and control.

Study Design: A comparative analysis of electromyogram (EMG) signals of patients of cervical pain and normal controls.

Objectives: To determine the differences between frequency and time domain parameters of EMG signals of patients of cervical pain and normal controls.

Summary Of Background Data: No diagnostic technique has emerged as a satisfactory tool for identification of spinal pain.

Measures of localized spinal muscle fatigue.

The objective of this study was to determine the best variable, if any, to indicate the level of localized muscle fatigue. Six male and six female subjects were studied while they exerted their maximal voluntary contraction and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction of spinal extensors in an isometric lifting activity. The electromyography (EMG) of erectores spinae at thoracic and lumbar levels was measured bilaterally.

Torque and EMG in rotation extension of the torso from pre-rotated and flexed postures.

Background: Back injury is a common place in our society. Up to two-thirds of back injuries have been associated with trunk rotation. However, the torque production ability with a rotated spine and electromyographic activity of trunk muscles in such efforts is poorly understood.

Low back problems and possible improvements in nursing jobs.

Aim: This paper reports a study that aimed to evaluate the workload, to identify problems leading to the higher incidence rate of work-related low back injury among nurses in the orthopaedic and intensive care unit departments of the hospital, and to gather information about improvements that the nurses would like in the workplace.

Background: The literature shows that low back injuries are common among nurses, and intervention programmes are needed to address this problem.

Method: The hospital injury records were examined in a retrospective study.

Analysis of right anterolateral impacts: the effect of trunk flexion on the cervical muscle whiplash response.

Background: The cervical muscles are considered a potential site of whiplash injury, and there is a need to understand the cervical muscle response under non-conventional whiplash impact scenarios, including variable body position and impact direction. There is no data, however, on the effect of occupant position on the muscle response to frontal impacts. Therefore, the objective of the study was to measure cervical muscle response to graded right anterolateral impacts.

An observational electromyography study of the effect of trunk flexion in low-velocity frontal whiplash-type impacts.

Objective: To examine the effect of forward and lateral trunk flexion on the cervical electromyogram and head kinematic response to whiplash-type frontal impacts.

Design: Observational study of sled impacts.

Setting: Laboratory.

The effect of seat belt use on the cervical electromyogram response to whiplash-type impacts.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a standard 3-point lap-and-shoulder seat belt and car seat on the electromyogram (EMG) response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity impacts in comparison with that of a rigid seat and 5-point restraint.

Methods: Seventeen healthy volunteers were subjected to rear, frontal, right and left lateral and bilateral anterolateral, and posterolateral impacts with an acceleration varying from 4.4 to 16.

The effect of a 3-point harness restraint and car seat in whiplash-type lateral impacts.

Study Design: Seventeen healthy volunteers were subjected to right and left lateral impacts 5.0, 6.8, 9.

Cervical muscle response to head rotation in whiplash-type right lateral impacts.

Objective: To determine the electromyogram (EMG) response of the cervical muscles to a right lateral impact whiplash-type perturbation when the head is rotated.

Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers were subjected to right lateral impacts of 4.2, 8.

The effect of trunk flexion in healthy volunteers in rear whiplash-type impacts.

Study Design: Twenty young, healthy volunteers in a laboratory were subjected to rear-end impacts 4.4, 7.9, 10.

Cervical muscle response to trunk flexion in whiplash-type lateral impacts.

The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity, whiplash-type lateral impacts when the occupant is seated out of the recommended driving position (neutral posture). Twenty healthy volunteers were subjected to left lateral impacts of 4.1, 7.

Kinematic and electromyographic response to whiplash-type impacts. Effects of head rotation and trunk flexion: summary of research.

Despite the fact that whiplash patients often report they had their head rotated or were in a twisted posture at the time of impact, the effect of these postures on the cervical muscle response to impact remains uninvestigated in impact studies. Prior impact studies have positioned the volunteers in the recommended driving position, for example, with head and trunk in a neutral posture. Using an approach of sled impacts with volunteers in very-low velocity impacts to describe the head kinematics and cervical muscle electromyography in response has provided a wealth of data.

Analysis of right anterolateral impacts: the effect of head rotation on the cervical muscle whiplash response.

Background: The cervical muscles are considered a potential site of whiplash injury, and there are many impact scenarios for whiplash injury. There is a need to understand the cervical muscle response under non-conventional whiplash impact scenarios, including variable head position and impact direction.

Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers underwent right anterolateral impacts of 4.

Effect of trunk flexion on cervical muscle EMG to rear impacts.

Objective: To determine the effect of occupant positioning on the response of the cervical muscles to whiplash-type posterolateral impacts.

Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers underwent left posterolateral whiplash-type impacts with the volunteers seated "out-of-position". Electromyograms of the cervical muscles were recorded.

Effect of trunk flexion on the occupant neck response to anterolateral whiplash impacts.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity anterolateral impacts with the volunteer's trunk flexed to the right and left.

Methods: A total of 20 healthy volunteers were subjected to left anterolateral impacts of 4.0, 7.

Looking away from whiplash: effect of head rotation in rear impacts.

Study Design: Twenty healthy volunteers in a laboratory were subjected to rear-end impacts 4.4, 7.9, 10.

Effect of head rotation in whiplash-type rear impacts.

Background Context: Knowledge is increasing about the electromyographic and kinematic response of the neck muscles to rear impact, and also recent information is available on the effect of a rear impact offset to the left (posterolateral). The effect of head rotation, however, at the time of rear impact is not known.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of head rotation to the left and right on the cervical muscle response to increasing low-velocity posterolateral impacts.

Cervical muscle response to head rotation in whiplash-type left lateral impacts.

Study Design: Twenty healthy volunteers were subjected to left lateral impacts, randomly looking either left or right.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the response of the cervical muscles to lateral impact whiplash-type perturbations when the head is rotated at the time of impact.

Summary Of Background Data: A previous study of left lateral impacts with head in neutral posture suggests that the burden of impact is borne primarily by the splenius capitis muscles.

Kinematic and electromyographic response to whiplash loading in low-velocity whiplash impacts--a review.

Whiplash injury is a common injury, with a substantial health and economic burden. For five decades, researchers have been striving to discover the mechanisms of acute whiplash injury to develop methods of prevention through automobile design, and to develop treatment approaches. While earlier experiments with animals, cadavers, and military volunteers have provided some useful insights, it is only in recent years that research has progressed to reveal how neck muscles respond to collisions, particularly how they bear the burden of the forces of collision and how impact direction affects the neck muscle response which may determine the mechanism of injury.

Turning away from whiplash. An EMG study of head rotation in whiplash impact.

Objective: To determine the response of the cervical muscles to whiplash-type perturbations through low-velocity frontal impacts when the head is rotated to the right and left.

Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers were subjected to increasing acceleration in low-velocity frontal impacts, randomly with head rotated either left or right. Bilateral EMG of the sternocleidomastoids, trapezii, and splenii capitis and acceleration of the sled, torso, and head were recorded.

Electromyographic and kinematic exploration of whiplash-type rear impacts: effect of left offset impact.

Background Context: Although there are some volunteer collision studies reporting the effects of rear impacts on head and neck kinematics, there are few studies detailing the cervical muscle electromyogram response. Moreover, the effect of a rear impact offset to the left on the resultant muscle responses is unknown.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity rear impacts offset by 45 degrees to the subject's left, and to compare the quantitative effects of expected and unexpected impact.

Cervical muscle response to whiplash-type right lateral impacts.

Study Design: Nine healthy volunteers were subjected to right lateral impacts of 4.9, 8.8, 10.

Cervical muscle response to posterolateral impacts--effect of head rotation.

Background: Rear impacts may be offset, and may also occur with the head rotated at impact. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity rear impacts offset by 45 degrees to the subject's right, but also with the head rotated either right or left.

Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers underwent right posterolateral impacts of 4.

Electromyographic and kinematic exploration of whiplash-type left anterolateral impacts.

Background: Volunteer studies of the cervical muscular response and head-neck kinematics in response to frontal impacts are uncommon. Moreover, the effect of a frontal impact offset to the left on the resultant muscle responses is unknown.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity frontal impacts offset by 45 degrees to the left and to compare the quantitative effects of expected and unexpected impact.

Measurement of angular wrist neutral zone and forearm muscle activity.

Objectives: To determine the forearm muscles activity in different wrist deviated positions and wrist neutral zone, and to assess the self-selected resting position without visual feedback.

Background: Wrist deviation occurs in almost all industrial and office jobs. This has been deemed hazardous for carpal tunnel syndrome.