Cholinergic input to mouse visual cortex signals a movement state and acutely enhances layer 5 responsiveness.

Acetylcholine is released in visual cortex by axonal projections from the basal forebrain. The signals conveyed by these projections and their computational significance are still unclear. Using two-photon calcium imaging in behaving mice, we show that basal forebrain cholinergic axons in the mouse visual cortex provide a binary locomotion state signal.

Serotype and genotype diversity of dengue viruses circulating in India: a multi-centre retrospective study involving the Virus Research Diagnostic Laboratory Network in 2018.

Objectives: A retrospective study was undertaken to investigate the circulating dengue virus (DENV) serotypes and genotypes in India in 2018.

Methods: In total, 4963 samples referred to virus research diagnostic laboratories (n=21), the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV) and ICMR-NIV field units (n=2) for diagnosis of dengue in 2018 were tested using a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the presence of DENV serotypes. Representative samples were sequenced for the envelope (E) gene.

Retinoic acid signaling regulates proliferation and lamina formation in the developing chick optic tectum.

The retinotectal system has been extensively studied for investigating the mechanism(s) for topographic map formation. The optic tectum, which is composed of multiple laminae, is the major retino recipient structure in the developing avian brain. Laminar development of the tectum results from cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, coordinated in strict temporal and spatial patterns.

The Prevalence and Impact of Preoperative Anemia in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery for Rheumatic Heart Disease.

Objective: Many observational studies have demonstrated an association between preoperative anemia and adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. However, there is a paucity of data on the impact of anemia in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries for rheumatic heart disease (RHD). This study was designed to examine the prevalence and impact of preoperative anemia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery for RHD.

An unusual cause of macular infarction: protein-losing enteropathy.

Protein-losing enteropathy is a multisystem disorder characterized by abnormally high loss of plasma proteins in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition to loss of plasma proteins there is also loss of anticoagulant globulins leading to a prothrombotic state in the body. Single case observation.

Foreign body in upper digestive tract.

Objective: Foreign body ingestion is a common clinical problem, encountered in children.

Methods: A total number of 104 patients with ingested foreign body admitted in our hospital are reviewed. Endoscopic removal was done for all foreign objects impacted in esophagus.

Lipoma of the retropharyngeal space.

Lipoma in retropharyngeal space is rare. A case of lipoma in the retropharyngeal space of a paediatric patient is reported with characteristic radiological findings along with surgical management.

Genetic and phenotypic characterization of pyrazinamide-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates in Japan.

The pncA gene mutations associated with pyrazinamide (PZA) resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were determined in 26 PZA-resistant isolates in Japan. Of the 26 PZA-resistant isolates included, 21 were negative for pyrazinamidase (PZase). Of these, 20 isolates had various pncA mutations, resulting in alteration of primary amino acid sequence.

Lead induced oxidative stress: beneficial effects of Kombucha tea.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of oral administration of Kombucha tea (K-tea) on lead induced oxidative stress.

Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were administered 1 mL of 3.8% lead acetate solution daily alone or in combination with K-tea orally for 45 d, and the antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation were evaluated.

Unusual foreign body in the trachea.

A great variety of foreign bodies in the traeheohr onvhial tree have been reported, but presence of fractured tracheostomy tube as foreign body is ran1. Usually fractured pieces of outer tube are found in the bronchus or trachea near the carina, but occurence of inner tube in the upper part of the trachea is rare2 and one such case is presented here.

Cyto-protective and immunomodulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: an in-vitro study.

The fruits extracts of Emblica officinalis (Amla) has been reported to have strong anti-oxidant properties. There is a paucity of studies on the immunomodulatory properties of fruit extracts of Amla in immuno-compromised states, with the emphasis on lymphocytes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties of Amla using chromium (VI) as an immunosuppressive agent.

Fracture resistance of teeth with Class 2 silver amalgam, posterior composite, and glass cermet restorations.

This article reports the fracture resistance of maxillary premolars in which ideal class 2 mesio-occlusal or disto-occlusal cavities were prepared and restored with silver amalgam, posterior composite, and glass cermet. Sound teeth and teeth with prepared but unrestored cavities were also studied for comparison. Dentin-bonded posterior composite resin produced the best tooth fracture resistance, followed by glass cermet, intact teeth, silver amalgam, and unrestored-prepared teeth, in that order.