Nanoformulations of flavonoids for diabetes and microvascular diabetic complications.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by an excess of glucose in the blood. If the constant sugar level is not managed correctly in diabetic patients, it may lead to microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. There are several synthetic drugs for the management of diabetes; however, these drugs produce immense adverse effects in long-term use.

Gallic acid attenuates type I diabetic nephropathy in rats.

Literature suggests that TGF-β1 has a central role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy and its down regulation can improve the disease condition. Oxidative stress, generation of advanced glycation end products and activation of renin angiotensin system are the connecting links between hyperglycemia and TGF-β1 over expression. Gallic acid is a phytochemical having wide range of biological activities.

Esculetin: A phytochemical endeavor fortifying effect against non-communicable diseases.

Esculetin, a naturally occurring 6,7-dihydroxy derivative of coumarin has shown its potential role in various non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular, renal failure, cancer and neurological disorders. NCDs, responsible for about 70% of the deaths occurring globally are majorly attributed to tobacco or alcohol abuse, sedentary lifestyle, and unhealthy diets. It can be managed by improving access to cost-effective treatment, care and prevention.

Hyperglycemia to nephropathy via transforming growth factor beta.

Nephropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes which further directs to end stage renal disease. Extensive work has been done to find out the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of the DN. Now, many researchers have been convinced that almost all of the molecular mediators and intracellular signaling pathways involved in progression of diabetic nephropathy have involvement in transforming growth factor beta (TGF- β) at some stage.

Effects of Gmelina arborea extract on experimentally induced diabetes.

Objective: To study the effects of aqueous extract of Gmelina arborea bark on normoglycemic levels and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in rats.

Methods: After single administration of the aqueous extract, plasma glucose level was determined up to 6 h. In subacute study, the aqueous extract was administered for 28 d and plasma glucose level was determined weekly.