The high-light-sensitivity mechanism and optogenetic properties of the bacteriorhodopsin-like channelrhodopsin GtCCR4.

Channelrhodopsins are microbial light-gated ion channels that can control the firing of neurons in response to light. Among several cation channelrhodopsins identified in Guillardia theta (GtCCRs), GtCCR4 has higher light sensitivity than typical channelrhodopsins. Furthermore, GtCCR4 shows superior properties as an optogenetic tool, such as minimal desensitization.

Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma mimicking a retroperitoneal tumor: A case report.

Background: An ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma (EHCC) arises from the ectopic liver which is defined as a hepatic organ or tissue not connected to surrounding tissues. EHCC is a rare disease and it is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Furthermore, the clinical features are not fully elucidated.