Metal-based smart nanosystems in cancer immunotherapy.

Metals are an emerging topic in cancer immunotherapy that have shown great potential in modulating cancer immunity cycle and promoting antitumor immunity by activating the intrinsic immunostimulatory mechanisms which have been identified in recent years. The main challenge of metal-assisted immunotherapy lies in the fact that the free metals as ion forms are easily cleared during circulation, and even cause systemic metal toxicity due to the off-target effects. With the rapid development of nanomedicine, metal-based smart nanosystems (MSNs) with unique controllable structure become one of the most promising delivery carriers to solve the issue, owing to their various endogenous/external stimuli-responsiveness to release free metal ions for metalloimmunotherapy.

Potentiating dual-directional immunometabolic regulation with nanomedicine to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy following incomplete photothermal ablation.

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising cancer treatment method due to its ability to induce tumor-specific T cell responses and enhance therapeutic outcomes. However, incomplete PTT can leave residual tumors that often lead to new metastases and decreased patient survival in clinical scenarios. This is primarily due to the release of ATP, a damage-associated molecular pattern that quickly transforms into the immunosuppressive metabolite adenosine by CD39, prevalent in the tumor microenvironment, thus promoting tumor immune evasion.

Thiol-yne click post-synthesis of phenylboronic acid-functionalized magnetic cyclodextrin microporous organic network for selective and efficient extraction of antiepileptic drugs.

Owing to their incomplete digestion in the human body and inadequate removal by sewage treatment plants, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) accumulate in water bodies, potentially affecting the exposed humans and aquatic organisms. Therefore, sensitive and reliable detection methods must be urgently developed for monitoring trace AEDs in environmental water samples. Herein, a novel phenylboronic acid-functionalized magnetic cyclodextrin microporous organic network (FeO@CD-MON-PBA) was designed and synthesized via the thiol-yne click post-modification strategy for selective and efficient magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of trace AEDs from complex sample matrices through the specific B-N coordination, π-π, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and host-guest interactions.

Magnetic Response Combined with Bioactive Ion Therapy: A RONS-Scavenging Theranostic Nanoplatform for Thrombolysis and Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Currently, the limited efficacy of antithrombotic treatments is attributed to the inadequacy of pure drugs and the low ability of drugs to target the thrombus site. More importantly, timely thrombolysis is essential to reduce the sequelae of cardiovascular disease, but ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) remains a major challenge that must be solved after blood flow recovery. Herein, a multifunctional therapeutic nanoparticle (NP) based on FeO and strontium ions encapsulated in mesoporous polydopamine was successfully constructed and then loaded with TNK-tPA (FeM@Sr-TNK NPs).

A Collaborative Learning Model for Skin Lesion Segmentation and Classification.

The automatic segmentation and classification of skin lesions are two essential tasks in computer-aided skin cancer diagnosis. Segmentation aims to detect the location and boundary of the skin lesion area, while classification is used to evaluate the type of skin lesion. The location and contour information of lesions provided by segmentation is essential for the classification of skin lesions, while the skin disease classification helps generate target localization maps to assist the segmentation task.

Stability of glycosylated complexes loaded with Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG).

The application of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in food industry was limited by its low stability in aqueous solutions and poor bioavailability in vivo. The novel EGCG glycosylated arachin nanoparticles (Ara-CMCS-EGCG) and EGCG glycosylated casein nanoparticles (Cas-CMCS-EGCG) were prepared to improve the stability and bioavailability of EGCG. The effect of different variables on the storage stability and the slow-release behavior of novel glycosylation complexes in nanoparticle background solution and artificial gastrointestinal fluid were investigated.

Preparation and characterization of high embedding efficiency epigallocatechin-3-gallate glycosylated nanocomposites.

Glycosylated protein nano encapsulation was an efficient encapsulation technology, but its embedding rate for EGCG was not high, and the research on the embedding mechanism was relatively weak. Based on this, this study compared the embedding effect of glycosylated peanut globulin and glycosylated casein on EGCG. The embedding mechanism of EGCG with glycosylated protein was discussed by ultraviolet, fluorescence, infrared and fluorescence microscopy.

Impact of Inoculating with Indigenous YC-1 on Quality and Microbial Communities of Yibin Yacai (Fermented Mustard) during the Fermentation Process.

species play an important role in improving the quality of some fermented foods and are also one of the dominant bacteria in Yibin Yacai (fermented mustard). However, little is known about their effects on the quality of Yibin Yacai. Here, the effect of YC-1 on the quality and microbial communities of Yibin Yacai during the fermentation process was investigated.

A theranostic metallodrug modulates immunovascular crosstalk to combat immunosuppressive liver cancer.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant, fatal disease with a complex tumor microenvironment (TME) characterized by severe immunosuppression and malformed vascular structures, thus most advanced HCC patients do not respond well to current mainstream pharmacotherapy and T-cell-related immunotherapy. Therefore, an efficient immunovascular crosstalk modulation strategy may help combat HCC by reversing immunosuppression and vessel normalization, especially by reprogramming tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). In this study, tyrosine kinase inhibitor lenvatinib (Len) was loaded into mesoporous FeO (mFe) nanoparticles (NPs), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was attached to the NP surface to produce a metallodrug (BSA-mFe@Len NPs).

Magnet-Guided Bionic System with LIFU Responsiveness and Natural Thrombus Tropism for Enhanced Thrombus-Targeting Ability.

Background: Arterial thrombosis is a serious threat to human health. Recently, many thrombus-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) have been constructed for detecting thrombi or monitoring thrombolysis, but their thrombus-targeting performance is limited. Considering this drawback, we designed a specific bionic system with enhanced thrombus-targeting ability.

LIFU-responsive nanomedicine enables acoustic droplet vaporization-induced apoptosis of macrophages for stabilizing vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques.

Due to the high risk of tearing and rupture, vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques would induce serious cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Despite the available clinical methods can evaluate the vulnerability of plaques and specifically treat vulnerable plaques before a cardiovascular event, but the efficiency is still low and undesirable. Herein, we rationally design and engineer the low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU)-responsive FPD@CD nanomedicine for the highly efficient treatment of vulnerable plaques by facilely loading phase transition agent perfluorohexane (PFH) into biocompatible PLGA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles (PPP NPs) and then attaching dextran sulphate (DS) onto the surface of PPP NPs for targeting delivery.

Mitochondrial Glutathione Depletion Nanoshuttles for Oxygen-Irrelevant Free Radicals Generation: A Cascaded Hierarchical Targeting and Theranostic Strategy Against Hypoxic Tumor.

An oxygen-irrelevant free radicals generation strategy has shown great potential in hypoxic tumor therapy. However, insufficient tumor accumulation, nonspecific intracellular localization, and the presence of highly reductive mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) dramatically hamper the free radicals therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a hierarchical targeting system was constructed by Fe-doped polydiaminopyridine nanoshuttles, indocyanine green (ICG), and an oxygen-irrelevant radicals generator (AIPH) to possess a negative charge.

A Fibrin Site-Specific Nanoprobe for Imaging Fibrin-Rich Thrombi and Preventing Thrombus Formation in Venous Vessels.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a prevalent public health issue worldwide. Before treatment, spatiotemporally accurate thrombus detection is essential. However, with the currently available imaging technologies, this is challenging.

Biomimetic nanoprobe-augmented triple therapy with photothermal, sonodynamic and checkpoint blockade inhibits tumor growth and metastasis.

Background: Comprehensive antitumor therapy through integrated multimodal means has drawn increasing attention owing to its high efficiency and metastasis suppression.

Results: We describe a synergistic triple protocol combining photothermal and sonodynamic therapy (PTT and SDT), together with immune checkpoint blockade for the inhibition of breast cancer growth and metastases in the 4T1 mouse model. PTT and SDT are synergistically augmented by a novel multimodal imaging nanoprobe integrated with cancer cell membrane-biomimetic nanoparticles (CHINPs) loaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME).

Tumor-self-targeted "thermoferroptosis-sensitization" magnetic nanodroplets for multimodal imaging-guided tumor-specific therapy.

Ferroptosis-based nanomedicine has drawn increasing attention in antitumor therapy because of the advantages of this unconventional mode of apoptosis, but the difficulties of delivery to the tumor site and surface-to-core penetration after arrival seriously hinder further clinical transformation and application. Herein, we propose an unprecedented strategy of injecting magnetic nanodroplets (MNDs) to solve these two longstanding problems. MNDs are nanocarriers that can carry multifunctional drugs and imaging materials.

Multifunctional nanozyme for multimodal imaging-guided enhanced sonodynamic therapy by regulating the tumor microenvironment.

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a highly promising approach for cancer therapy, but its efficacy is severely hampered by the low specificity of sonosensitizers and the unfavorable characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as hypoxia and glutathione (GSH) overexpression. To solve these problems, in this work, we encapsulated IR780 and MnO in PLGA and linked Angiopep-2 (Ang) to synthesize a multifunctional nanozyme (Ang-IR780-MnO-PLGA, AIMP) to enhance SDT. With Ang functionalization to facilitate blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and glioma targeting, and through the function of IR780, these nanoparticles (NPs) showed improved targeting of cancer cells, especially mitochondria, and spread deep into tumor centers.

Combination Nanotherapeutics for Dry Eye Disease Treatment in a Rabbit Model.

Purpose: Anti-inflammation is essential for dry eye disease. Traditional anti-inflammation agent corticosteroids applied in dry eye disease (DED) treatment could result in high intraocular pressure, especially in long-term treatment. Thus, we have prepared a liposome loading 1-bromoheptadecafluorooctane and tetrandrine (PFOB@LIP-Tet) to treat DED via anti-inflammation that hardly affects intraocular pressure in this study, which provided another therapy strategy for dry eye disease.

EWVDV-Mediated Platelet-Targeting Nanoparticles for the Multimodal Imaging of Thrombi at Different Blood Flow Velocities.

Background: There have been many recent reports of molecular probes for thrombi but with unsatisfactory in vivo targeting effects, which could be related to the blood flow velocity in vivo. Therefore, it is worth explaining the relationship between the targeting effect and the blood flow velocity.

Methods And Materials: In this study, we constructed a platelet-targeting nanoparticle (NP) based on EWVDV for targeting P-selectin combined with the phase transition material perfluorohexane and India ink to achieve the multimodal imaging of thrombi.

Polydopamine-modified dual-ligand nanoparticles as highly effective and targeted magnetic resonance/photoacoustic dual-modality thrombus imaging agents.

Background: Platelet activation and subsequent aggregation are the initial stages of thrombosis. A molecular probe that specifically targets activated platelets and remains retained under high shear stress in vivo can enhance the imaging effect to achieve early and accurate diagnosis.

Methods And Materials: In this study, we constructed nanoparticles (NPs) using polydopamine to carry two peptides that simultaneously bind integrin αIIbβ3 and P-selectin on activated platelets to enhance the targeting of NPs to thrombus.

NIR-responsive nanoplatform for pre/intraoperative image-guided carcinoma surgery and photothermal ablation of residual tumor tissue.

Local recurrence is common among patients with advanced cancer who have undergone surgery. Here, we developed a new surgical treatment for cancer based on a nanoparticle that loaded a near-infrared dye (IR780 iodide) and perfluorooctyl bromide into liposomes (NP-IR780). In an orthotopic breast cancer mouse model, NP-IR780 was demonstrated to have excellent tumor-targeting ability due to the selective tumor accumulation of IR780 iodide and the enhanced permeation and retention effect of the nanoparticle.

Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Responsive Phase-Transitional Nanoparticles for Thrombolysis without Vascular Damage: A Synergistic Nonpharmaceutical Strategy.

Multimodal molecular imaging has shown promise as a complementary approach to thrombus detection. However, the simultaneous noninvasive detection and lysis of thrombi for cardiovascular diseases remain challenging. Herein, a perfluorohexane (PFH)-based biocompatible nanostructure was fabricated, namely, as-prepared FeO-poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)-PFH-CREKA nanoparticles (NPs), which combine phase transition (PT) thrombolysis capabilities with properties conducive to multimodal imaging.

SR-A-Targeted Phase-Transition Nanoparticles for the Detection and Treatment of Atherosclerotic Vulnerable Plaques.

Atherosclerosis is a major cause of sudden death and myocardial infarction, instigated by unstable plaques. Thus, the early detection of unstable plaques and corresponding treatment can improve the prognosis and reduce mortality. In this study, we describe a protocol for the preparation of nanoparticles (NPs) combined with the phase transitional material perfluorohexane (PFH) and with dextran sulfate (DS) targeting class A scavenger receptors (SR-A) for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques.

Study on physicochemical properties, digestive properties and application of acetylated starch in noodles.

The physicochemical and digestive properties of acetylated corn starch with different degrees of substitution were studied, which were prepared by microwave pretreatment and acetate esterification. Native corn starch-wheat noodles, acetylated corn starch-wheat flour noodles and native wheat noodles were prepared and their properties were compared. The results showed that the transparency, condensation volume ratio, hydrophilicity and lipophilicity of modified corn starch increased with increasing of substitution degree, which were 4.

Screening and identification of Lactic acid bacteria from Ya'an pickle water to effectively remove Pb.

Heavy metal lead, which enters the human body through food intake, endangers human health. Microbe has the ability of adsorbing heavy metal, among which lactic acid bacteria are promising microbes to adsorb and remove Pb. The purpose of this study was to screen lactic acid bacteria from Ya'an pickle water to effectively remove Pb.