Age-Associated B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases: Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications.

As a heterogeneous B cell subset, age-associated B cells (ABCs) exhibit distinct transcription profiles, extrafollicular differentiation processes, and multiple functions in autoimmunity. TLR7 and TLR9 signals, along with IFN-γ and IL-21 stimulation, are both essential for ABC differentiation, which is also regulated by chemokine receptors including CXCR3 and CCR2 and integrins including CD11b and CD11c. Given their functions in antigen uptake and presentation, autoantibody and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and T helper cell activation, ABCs display potential in the prognosis, diagnosis, and therapy for autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, and ankylosing spondylitis.

[Optimization of the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Mulgedium tataricum using response surface analysis].

Objective: Response surface analysis methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Mulgedium tataricum.

Methods: Ethanol concentration, solvent-solid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time were selected as influencing factors during extraction. The experiment mathematical model was arranged according to Box-Behnken central composite experiment design.

Chemical characterisation of polysaccharides from Lilium davidii.

Lilium davidii var. unicolor Salisb is known for its esculent and exceptionally sweet bulbs. This article reports the isolation and purification of a non-starch polysaccharide from the bulb tissues.