Dasatinib suppresses particulate-induced pyroptosis and acute lung inflammation.

Humans are constantly exposed to various industrial, environmental, and endogenous particulates that result in inflammatory diseases. After being engulfed by immune cells, viz. Macrophages, such particulates lead to phagolysosomal dysfunction, eventually inducing pyroptosis, a form of cell death accompanied by the release of inflammatory mediators, including members of the interleukin (IL)-1 family.

Nanaomycin E inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction.

Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) is a cytosolic innate immune receptor that senses organelle dysfunction induced by various stimuli, such as infectious, environmental, metabolic and drug stresses. Upon activation, NLRP3 forms an inflammasome with its adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and caspase-1, to trigger the release of inflammatory cytokines. The development of effective anti-inflammatory drugs targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome is in high demand as its aberrant activation often causes inflammatory diseases.

Oridonin suppresses particulate-induced NLRP3-independent IL-1α release to prevent crystallopathy in the lung.

The human body is exposed to various particulates of industrial, environmental, or endogenous origin. Invading or intrinsic particulates can induce inflammation by aberrantly activating the immune system, thereby causing crystallopathies. When immune cells such as macrophages phagocytose the particulates, their phagolysosomal membranes undergo mechanical damage, eventually leading to pyroptotic cell death accompanied by the release of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-1β.

Hybrid Pyramid Convolutional Network for Multiscale Face Detection.

Face detection remains a challenging problem due to the high variability of scale and occlusion despite the strong representational power of deep convolutional neural networks and their implicit robustness. To handle hard face detection under extreme circumstances especially tiny faces detection, in this paper, we proposed a multiscale Hybrid Pyramid Convolutional Network (HPCNet), which is a one-stage fully convolutional network. Our HPCNet consists of three newly presented modules: firstly, we designed the Hybrid Dilated Convolution (HDC) module to replace the fully connected layers in VGG16, which enlarges receptive field and reduces its loss of local information; secondly, we constructed the Hybrid Feature Pyramid (HFP) to combine semantic information from higher layers together with details from lower layers; and thirdly, to deal with the problem of occlusion and blurring effectively, we introduced Context Information Extractor (CIE) in HPCNet.

TMED2 Potentiates Cellular IFN Responses to DNA Viruses by Reinforcing MITA Dimerization and Facilitating Its Trafficking.

Mediator of IRF3 activation (MITA), also known as stimulator of interferon genes (STING), plays a vital role in the innate immune responses to cytosolic dsDNA. The trafficking of MITA from the ER to perinuclear vesicles is necessary for its activation of the downstream molecules, which lead to the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the exact mechanism of MITA activation remains elusive.