An octopamine-specific GRAB sensor reveals a monoamine relay circuitry that boosts aversive learning.

Octopamine (OA), analogous to norepinephrine in vertebrates, is an essential monoamine neurotransmitter in invertebrates that plays a significant role in various biological functions, including olfactory associative learning. However, the spatial and temporal dynamics of OA remain poorly understood due to limitations associated with the currently available methods used to detect it. To overcome these limitations, we developed a genetically encoded GPCR  activation-based (GRAB) OA sensor called GRAB.

An octopamine-specific GRAB sensor reveals a monoamine relay circuitry that boosts aversive learning.

Octopamine (OA), analogous to norepinephrine in vertebrates, is an essential monoamine neurotransmitter in invertebrates that plays a significant role in various biological functions, including olfactory associative learning. However, the spatial and temporal dynamics of OA remain poorly understood due to limitations associated with the currently available methods used to detect it. To overcome these limitations, we developed a genetically encoded GPCR activation-based (GRAB) OA sensor called GRAB.

Improved green and red GRAB sensors for monitoring spatiotemporal serotonin release in vivo.

The serotonergic system plays important roles in both physiological and pathological processes, and is a therapeutic target for many psychiatric disorders. Although several genetically encoded GFP-based serotonin (5-HT) sensors were recently developed, their sensitivities and spectral profiles are relatively limited. To overcome these limitations, we optimized green fluorescent G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-activation-based 5-HT (GRAB) sensors and developed a red fluorescent GRAB sensor.

Effects of pressure on microstructure evolution of liquid Fe-S-Bi alloy during rapid solidification: A molecular dynamics study.

To understand the effects of pressure on microstructural evolution, a molecular dynamics simulation study has been performed under pressures of 0-20 GPa for liquid Fe-S-Bi alloy during the solidification process. The variations in the radial distribution function, average atomic energy, and H-A bond index of the cooling system are analyzed. The rapid solidification process of liquid Fe-S-Bi alloy into crystalline and amorphous alloys is investigated from different perspective.

Local 5-HT signaling bi-directionally regulates the coincidence time window for associative learning.

The coincidence between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) is essential for associative learning; however, the mechanism regulating the duration of this temporal window remains unclear. Here, we found that serotonin (5-HT) bi-directionally regulates the coincidence time window of olfactory learning in Drosophila and affects synaptic plasticity of Kenyon cells (KCs) in the mushroom body (MB). Utilizing GPCR-activation-based (GRAB) neurotransmitter sensors, we found that KC-released acetylcholine (ACh) activates a serotonergic dorsal paired medial (DPM) neuron, which in turn provides inhibitory feedback to KCs.

The measurement, sources of variation, and factors influencing the coupled and coordinated development of rural revitalization and digital economy in China.

An evaluation index system for the coupled and coordinated development of China's digital economy and rural revitalization, including a total of 46 indicators for the digital economy and rural revitalization subsystems, was constructed and combined with the entropy weight method, the coupling coordination degree model, Zhou's constraint identification index, the Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition method, and the panel spatial econometric model to analyze the level of coupled and coordinated development of China's digital economy and rural revitalization. The results found that: (1) the coupling and coordination between the two have gradually improved. The constraints of the digital economy on rural revitalization were gradually alleviated from 2011 to 2015, but after the 19th Party Congress, the development trend of rural revitalization has significantly outstripped the digital economy.

Effects of MnS inclusions on mechanical behavior and damage mechanism of free-cutting steel: A molecular dynamics study.

In order to research the effect pattern of MnS inclusions on free-cutting steel, we study the microstructure evolution, the damage mechanism and the mechanical properties in free-cutting steel in the presence of MnS inclusions. Spindle shaped MnS is added as inclusions within the free-cutting steel. The mechanical properties were found to change when inclusions were present.

Next-generation GRAB sensors for monitoring dopaminergic activity in vivo.

Dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in the brain, and the ability to directly measure dopaminergic activity is essential for understanding its physiological functions. We therefore developed red fluorescent G-protein-coupled receptor-activation-based DA (GRAB) sensors and optimized versions of green fluorescent GRAB sensors. In response to extracellular DA, both the red and green GRAB sensors exhibit a large increase in fluorescence, with subcellular resolution, subsecond kinetics and nanomolar-to-submicromolar affinity.