Exploring the Association of Smoking and Alcohol Consumption with Presence of and Severe Coronary Artery Calcification.

Background: Despite the majority of studies have identified smoking as a risk factor for coronary artery calcification (CAC), some studies have not identified this relationship. Differences on results reached by studies on the association of alcohol consumption with CAC exist. Moreover, studies have almost exclusively investigated the association between smoking and alcohol consumption independently.

Lipoprotein (a) is associated with poor long-term prognosis in patients aged 80 years and older with acute coronary syndrome.

Background: Lipoprotein(a) has been suggested as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of lipoprotein(a) with long-term poor prognosis following acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in advanced-age patients.

Methods: We enrolled 536 patients aged ≥80 years hospitalized for ACS and plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations were measured at admission.