Twenty year trends in prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinal disease.

Objective: To determine how the rates of diabetic retinal disease (DRD) and its vision-threatening components (VTDR), diabetic macular edema (DME), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have changed over the past 20 years.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Subjects: All individuals in a US administrative medical claims database comprised of patients insured by commercial and Medicare Advantage insurance plans from 2000-2022 with DM and at least one full calendar year of data.

Longitudinal Analysis of Tear Cytokine Ratios in Association with Dry Eye Signs and Symptoms in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study.

Purpose: To extend cross-sectional data on cytokine ratios (CRs) in dry eye disease (DED) signs by investigating longitudinal change in pro- to anti-inflammatory CRs and associations with change in DED signs and symptoms.

Methods: Secondary analysis of fifty-four subjects [mean age 57.3 (SD 13.

Malignancy Risk Associated With the Use of Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy in the Management of Noninfectious Uveitis.

Purpose: Patients with noninfectious uveitis (NIU) can require treatment with systemic immunomodulatory therapy (IMT), but it is unclear whether IMT drug categories increase the risk of malignancy in NIU patients. The purpose of this study is to determine if the use of systemic IMT in patients with NIU is associated with an increased risk of malignancy.

Design: Clinical cohort study.

Visual Field Testing Frequency and Associations in Children With Glaucoma.

Prcis: Children with glaucoma had an average of 1.3 visual field tests per year. Self-reported black and multiracial patients had lower visual field testing rates, whereas older children with better visual acuity had more frequent testing.

Factors Associated With Visual Field Testing Reliability in Children With Glaucoma or Suspected Glaucoma.

Purpose: To evaluate Humphrey Visual Field (HVF) test reliability and its associated risk factors in children with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: None.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OUTCOMES OF SUPRACHOROIDAL HEMORRHAGE: An Individual Participant Data Systematic Review.

Purpose: To determine factors associated with visual and anatomic outcomes of suprachoroidal hemorrhage in studies published between 1990 and 2022.

Methods: Individual participant data systematic review. The protocol was prospectively registered on Open Science Framework ( https://osf.

Two-Year Progression of Dry Eye Disease in Dry Eye Assessment and Management Study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the progression of dry eye disease (DED) symptoms and signs over 2 years through a secondary analysis of data collected from the Dry Eye Assessment and Management study.

Methods: Participants who were assigned to omega-3 fatty acid in the first year were rerandomized in the second year to either continue with omega-3 fatty acid or switch to placebo. At baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, DED symptoms were evaluated by using the Ocular Surface Disease Index and the Brief Ocular Discomfort Index (BODI).

A Prospective Study of the Effects of General Anesthesia on Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Children.

Purpose: To determine the effect of general anesthesia on intraocular pressure (IOP) in children with no intraocular pathology and determine which postanesthetic time point is most predictive of preinduction IOP.

Design: Prospective observational study.

Participants: Children with no intraocular pathology ≤ 18 years scheduled for general anesthesia as part of their routine care followed by a pediatric ophthalmologist at Nanjing Medical University.

Association between systemic medication use and severity of dry eye signs and symptoms in the DRy eye assessment and management (DREAM) study.

Purpose: Some systemic medications are reported to be associated with dry eye disease (DED), yet their associations with the severity of DED signs and symptoms are not well studied. To evaluate these associations, we performed a secondary analysis of data from the DRy Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study.

Methods: Participants (N = 535) were assessed for DED signs using tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer testing, corneal fluorescein staining, conjunctival lissamine green staining, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), and tear osmolarity and DED symptoms using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI).

Effect of Lens Status on the Outcomes of Glaucoma Drainage Device Implantation.

Purpose: To assess the effect of lens status and cataract surgery on glaucoma drainage device (GDD) efficacy.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Participants: Two hundred and forty-three eyes of 216 patients that underwent GDD implantation with ≥1 follow-up visit within 3 years postoperatively.

INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR EXUDATIVE RETINAL DETACHMENT FOLLOWING LASER PHOTOCOAGULATION FOR RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY.

Purpose: Exudative retinal detachment (ERD) may result from laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity. Although risk factors have been hypothesized from case reports, comparative studies have not been reported. We sought to evaluate risk factors for ERD following laser, comparing affected and unaffected infants.

SGLT2 inhibitors and diabetic retinopathy progression.

Purpose: To evaluate whether sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors affect progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) compared to standard of care.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study compared subjects enrolled in a commercial and Medicare Advantage medical claims database who filled a prescription for a SGLT2 inhibitor between 2013 and 2020 to unexposed controls, matched up to a 1:3 ratio. Patients were excluded if they were enrolled for less than 2 years in the plan, had no prior ophthalmologic exam, had no diagnosis of NPDR, had a diagnosis of diabetic macular edema (DME) or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), had received treatment for vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR), or were younger than 18 years.

Real-world socioeconomic determinants of corneal crosslinking in a national cohort.

Purpose: To characterize recent socioeconomic trends in patients with keratoconus/corneal ectasias undergoing corneal crosslinking (CXL).

Setting: A deidentified administrative medical claims database comprised commercial and Medicare Advantage health claims from across the United States.

Design: Population-based retrospective cohort study.

Association of Ocular Surface Immune Cells With Dry Eye Signs and Symptoms in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study.

Purpose: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease of the ocular surface with one etiology being ocular surface inflammation. Studies using animal models demonstrate the role of ocular surface immune cells in the inflammatory pathway leading to DED, but few have evaluated humans. This study described the white blood cell population from the ocular surface of patients with DED and assessed its association with DED signs and symptoms in participants of the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study.

The association of stroke with herpes zoster ophthalmicus.

Background/objectives: Studies have reported an association between herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) and stroke. We sought to validate this association with rigorous controls for both medical comorbidities and social factors using a nationwide U.S.

Association of Dry Eye Symptoms and Signs in Patients with Dry Eye Disease.

Purpose: To determine the correlations among symptoms and signs of dry eye disease (DED) in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study.

Methods: A total of 535 patients with moderate-to-severe DED were assessed for symptoms using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and four DED signs in both eyes (conjunctival lissamine green staining, corneal fluorescein staining, Schirmer's testing, and tear break-up time (TBUT)) following standardized protocols at baseline and follow-up visits (months 3, 6, and 12). Spearman correlation coefficients (rho) were calculated for correlations among symptoms and signs of DED at baseline and among changes in symptoms and signs from baseline at 12 months.

Microbial patterns and culture utility in orbital cellulitis.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and types of pathogens found in children with orbital cellulitis and to evaluate the utility of nonoperative cultures.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of children with imaging-confirmed orbital cellulitis over a period of 8 years. Outcomes included prevalence and types of organisms, polymicrobial infection, mixed aerobic-anaerobic infection, effect of age, and culture utility.

Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents and the Risk of Vision-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose: Animal studies have suggested that Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs) may increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-related retinopathies, but this effect is unclear in humans. This study evaluates the risk of vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR), defined as either diabetic macular edema (DME) or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), in patients exposed to an ESA.

Methods: Two analyses were performed.

Dynamic structural remodeling of the human visual system prompted by bilateral retinal gene therapy.

The impact of changes in visual input on neuronal circuitry is complex and much of our knowledge on human brain plasticity of the visual systems comes from animal studies. Reinstating vision in a group of patients with low vision through retinal gene therapy creates a unique opportunity to dynamically study the underlying process responsible for brain plasticity. Historically, increases in the axonal myelination of the visual pathway has been the biomarker for brain plasticity.

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scan Utilization and Skeletal Fragility Among Non-Infectious Uveitis Patients Exposed to Oral Glucocorticoids.

Introduction: Currently, little is known regarding bone health surveillance for glucocorticoid-exposed non-infectious uveitis (NIU) patients or their baseline risks of skeletal fragility outcomes.

Methods: Using claims data, we calculated rates of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) screening for glucocorticoid-exposed NIU and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Separately, we compared risks of skeletal fragility metrics amongst NIU patients, RA patients, and controls, independent of glucocorticoid use.

Visit Adherence and Visual Acuity in Study of COmparative Treatments for REtinal Vein Occlusion 2 (SCORE2).

Purpose: We quantify the association between visit adherence and visual acuity (VA) in retinal vein occlusions (CRVO).

Methods: The SCORE2 protocol included a visit every 4 weeks (every 28-35 days) during the first year. Visit adherence was measured as follows: number of missed visits, average and longest (avg and max days) visit interval, and average and longest (avg and max missed days) and unintended visit interval.