SCAG: A Stratified, Clustered, and Growing-Based Algorithm for Soybean Branch Angle Extraction and Ideal Plant Architecture Evaluation.

Three-dimensional (3D) phenotyping is important for studying plant structure and function. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has gained prominence in 3D plant phenotyping due to its ability to collect 3D point clouds. However, organ-level branch detection remains challenging due to small targets, sparse points, and low signal-to-noise ratios.