Upscaling net ecosystem CO exchanges in croplands: The application of integrating object-based image analysis and machine learning approaches.

Accurately estimating the net ecosystem exchange of CO (NEE) in cropland ecosystems is essential for understanding the impacts of agricultural practices and climate conditions. However, significant uncertainties persist in the estimation of regional cropland NEE due to landscape heterogeneity and variations in the efficacy of upscaling models. Here, we applied an integrated approach that combined object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques with advanced machine learning (ML) approaches to upscale regional cropland NEE.