Diversity characteristics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities in the soil along successional altitudes of Helan Mountain, arid, and semi-arid regions of China.

Introduction: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) perform a vital role in terrestrial ecosystems.

Methods: To investigate the diversity of AMF communities on the western slope of Helan Mountain at different altitudes and their influence factors, high-throughput sequencing was used to study the structure and diversity of soil AMF communities under different environments and their interrelationships between AMF and environmental factors.

Results: The results revealed that there were significant differences ( < 0.

Caspase 3-like protease is involved in ethylene-induced programmed cell death during aerenchyma formation in Helianthus annuus stem.

Previous research has reported that hypoxic conditions and ethylene treatments greatly trigger programmed cell death (PCD) occurrence and induce the formation of aerenchyma to adapt stress environment in Helianthus annuus stem. Caspase 3-like protease (CLP) as regulatory signals, also be involved in the process of PCD to adapt the low oxygen environment. However, the relationships between ethylene and CLP have seldom been reported.

Programmed cell death associated with the formation of schizo-lysigenous aerenchyma in root.

() is an important aquatic economic crop with high edible, medicinal, ornamental, and ecological restoration values. Aerenchyma formation in root is an adaptive trait to the aquatic environment in long-term evolution. In this study, light microscopy, electron microscopy, and molecular biology techniques were used to study the process of the aerenchyma development and cytological events in root and the dynamic changes of aerenchyma formation under the treatment of exogenous 21% oxygen, ethylene (ET), and ET synthesis i + nhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP).