HLA is a potent immunoinflammatory target in asymptomatic Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, neuroinflammation is an early pathological feature of AD. However, the alteration of the immune microenvironment in asymptomatic AD was not fully explained. In this study, we aimed to utilize the transcriptome data of AD patients in public databases to reveal the change of immune microenvironment in asymptomatic AD and screen the potential drug targets.

SNAP25 is a potential target for early stage Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), two common irreversible neurodegenerative diseases, share similar early stage syndromes, such as olfaction dysfunction. Yet, the potential comorbidity mechanism of AD and PD was not fully elucidated.

Methods: The gene expression profiles of GSE5281 and GSE8397 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database.

SLC20A2-Associated Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (Fahr disease): a case family report.

Background: Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC) is a genetic disorder of the nervous system commonly known as Fahr disease. IBGC patients with a genetic background are considered to have primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), also known as familial basal ganglia calcification (FBGC), or familial Fahr disease. It is a rare degenerative neurological disorder characterized by extensive bilateral basal ganglia calcification that can lead to a range of extrapyramidal symptoms and neuropsychiatric manifestations.

Basal Forebrain-Dorsal Hippocampus Cholinergic Circuit Regulates Olfactory Associative Learning.

The basal forebrain, an anatomically heterogeneous brain area containing multiple distinct subregions and neuronal populations, innervates many brain regions including the hippocampus (HIP), a key brain region responsible for learning and memory. Although recent studies have revealed that basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) are involved in olfactory associative learning and memory, the potential neural circuit is not clearly dissected yet. Here, using an anterograde monosynaptic tracing strategy, we revealed that BFCNs in different subregions projected to many brain areas, but with significant differentiations.

The whole transcriptome regulation as a function of mitochondrial polymorphisms and aging in .

Recently, mitochondrial-nuclear interaction in aging has been widely studied. However, the nuclear genome controlled by natural mitochondrial variations that influence aging has not been comprehensively understood so far. We hypothesized that mitochondrial polymorphisms could play critical roles in the aging process, probably by regulation of the whole-transcriptome expression.

ARMBIS: accurate and robust matching of brain image sequences from multiple modal imaging techniques.

Motivation: Study of brain images of rodent animals is the most straightforward way to understand brain functions and neural basis of physiological functions. An important step in brain image analysis is to precisely assign signal labels to specified brain regions through matching brain images to standardized brain reference atlases. However, no significant effort has been made to match different types of brain images to atlas images due to influence of artifact operation during slice preparation, relatively low resolution of images and large structural variations in individual brains.

Different Subgroups of Cholinergic Neurons in the Basal Forebrain Are Distinctly Innervated by the Olfactory Regions and Activated Differentially in Olfactory Memory Retrieval.

The mammalian basal forebrain (BF), a heterogenous structure providing the primary cholinergic inputs to cortical and limbic structures, plays a crucial role in various physiological processes such as learning/memory and attention. Despite the involvement of the BF cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) in olfaction related memory has been reported, the underlying neural circuits remain poorly understood. Here, we combined viral trans-synaptic tracing systems and ChAT-cre transgenic mice to systematically reveal the relationship between the olfactory system and the different subsets of BFCNs.

Comprehensive Profiling of Fecal Metabolome of Mice by Integrated Chemical Isotope Labeling-Mass Spectrometry Analysis.

Gut microbiota plays important roles in the host health. The host and symbiotic gut microbiota coproduce a large number of metabolites during the metabolism of food and xenobiotics. The analysis of fecal metabolites can provide a noninvasive manner to study the outcome of the host-gut microbiota interaction.

Alzheimer's disease and methanol toxicity (part 2): lessons from four rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) chronically fed methanol.

A recently established link between formaldehyde, a methanol metabolite, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology has provided a new impetus to investigate the chronic effects of methanol exposure. This paper expands this investigation to the non-human primate, rhesus macaque, through the chronic feeding of young male monkeys with 3% methanol ad libitum. Variable Spatial Delay Response Tasks of the monkeys found that the methanol feeding led to persistent memory decline in the monkeys that lasted 6 months beyond the feeding regimen.

Lesion of olfactory epithelium attenuates expression of morphine-induced behavioral sensitization and reinstatement of drug-primed conditioned place preference in mice.

Previous studies have shown that olfactory impairment by disrupting the olfactory epithelium prior to morphine administration attenuated the development addiction-related behaviors. However, it is unclear whether olfactory impairment will affect the expression of already established addiction-related behaviors. To address this issue, mice were conditioned with morphine to induce behavioral sensitization and condition placed preference (CPP).

The effects of lesion of the olfactory epithelium on morphine-induced sensitization and conditioned place preference in mice.

Animals attain information about their environment through different sense organs. For example, the dominant external resource about the environment for rodents is obtained through olfaction. Many environmental conditions (stress or enriched environment) are known to affect an animal's susceptibility to drug addiction.

[Expression of TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its relationship to microvessel density in breast cancer].

Background & Objective: The expression of TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) in breast cancer remains disputable. This study was to investigate the expression of TWEAK in breast cancer tissues and breast cancer cell lines with different invasive abilities, and the relationship of TWEAK with microvessel density (MVD).

Methods: Immunohistochemical S-P method was adopted to detect the expression of TWEAK in 70 specimens of breast cancer and 30 specimens of adjacent normal breast tissues.

[Expression and significance of TRAF4 protein in breast carcinoma].

Background & Objective: The researches about the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) in breast cancer are disputable. This study was to investigate the expression of TRAF4 in normal breast, breast carcinoma tissue, and cell lines with different invasive abilities.

Methods: The expression of TRAF4 in 70 specimens of breast carcinoma and 14 specimens of normal breast tissues was detected by SP immunohistochemistry.