MPFC PV interneurons are involved in the antidepressant effects of running exercise but not fluoxetine therapy.

Depression is a complex psychiatric disorder. Previous studies have shown that running exercise reverses depression-like behavior faster and more effectively than fluoxetine therapy. GABAergic interneurons, including the PV interneuron subtype, in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) are involved in pathological changes of depression.

The tRNA-Cys-GCA Derived tsRNAs Suppress Tumor Progression of Gliomas via Regulating VAV2.

The tsRNAs (tRNA-derived small RNAs) are new types of small noncoding RNAs derived from tRNAs. Gliomas are well-known malignant brain tumors. The study focused on tsRNA characterizations within gliomas.

Alteration in NMDAR subunits in different brain regions of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model.

-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) signaling pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression. However, the role of NMDAR subunits in depression is still unclear. In this study, alteration in all seven NMDAR subunits in several brain areas of rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), an animal model of depression, was detected.

Activation of liver X receptors protects oligodendrocytes in CA3 of stress-induced mice.

Depression is a complex disorder that is associated with various structural abnormalities. Oligodendrocyte (OL) dysfunction is associated with the pathogenesis of depression and the promotion of hippocampal oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination could be a novel therapeutic strategy for ameliorating depressive behaviors. Recent studies have shown that activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) by GW3965 improves depressive phenotypes, but the effects of GW3965 on OL function and myelination in the hippocampus of depression remain relatively unclear.

Exercise more efficiently regulates the maturation of newborn neurons and synaptic plasticity than fluoxetine in a CUS-induced depression mouse model.

Depression, a common and important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is commonly treated with antidepressants, electric shock and psychotherapy. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that exercise can effectively alleviate depression. To determine the difference in efficacy between exercise and the classic antidepressant fluoxetine in treating depression, we established four groups: the Control, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS/STD), running (CUS/RUN) and fluoxetine (CUS/FLX) groups.

Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Promotes White Matter Repair and Improves Dysphagia Symptoms in Cerebral Ischemia Model Rats.

Background: Clinical and animal studies have shown that transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (ta-VNS) exerts neuroprotection following cerebral ischemia. Studies have revealed that white matter damage after ischemia is related to swallowing defects, and the degree of white matter damage is related to the severity of dysphagia. However, the effect of ta-VNS on dysphagia symptoms and white matter damage in dysphagic animals after an ischemic stroke has not been investigated.

Exercise rather than fluoxetine promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the hippocampus in a male mouse model of depression.

Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) systems have been meaningfully linked to the clinical phenomena of mood disorders, 15-35% of patients do not respond to multiple SSRI interventions or even experience an exacerbation of their condition. As we previously showed, both running exercise and fluoxetine reversed depression-like behavior. However, whether exercise reverses depression-like behavior more quickly than fluoxetine treatment and whether this rapid effect is achieved via the promotion of oligodendrocyte differentiation and/or myelination in the hippocampus was previously unknown.

Beneficial effects of running exercise on hippocampal microglia and neuroinflammation in chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression model rats.

Running exercise has been shown to relieve symptoms of depression, but the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects are unclear. Microglia and concomitant dysregulated neuroinflammation play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of depression. However, the effects of running exercise on hippocampal neuroinflammation and the number and activation of microglia in depression have not been studied.

Anti-Lingo-1 antibody ameliorates spatial memory and synapse loss induced by chronic stress.

Chronic stress can induce cognitive impairment, and synapse number was significantly decreased in the hippocampus of rats suffering from chronic stress. Lingo-1 is a potent negative regulator of axonal outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. In the current study, the effects of anti-Lingo-1 antibody on the spatial learning and memory abilities and hippocampal synapses of stressed rats were investigated.

Exercise-induced Nitric Oxide Contributes to Spatial Memory and Hippocampal Capillaries in Rats.

Exercise has been argued to improve cognitive function in both humans and rodents. Angiogenesis significantly contributes to brain health, including cognition. The hippocampus is a crucial brain region for cognitive function.

Anti-LINGO-1 antibody treatment improves chronic stress-induced spatial memory impairments and oligodendrocyte loss in the hippocampus.

Chronic exposure to stressful conditions may affect spatial learning and memory abilities and the brain structure, and disruptions in oligodendrocyte function may cause cognitive dysfunction. Leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain-containing protein 1 (LINGO-1) is a potent negative regulator of oligodendrocytes and axon myelination. However, the questions we sought to answer in this study are whether hippocampal oligodendrocytes are involved in the pathological process of spatial learning and memory impairments induced by chronic stress (CS) and whether antibodies targeting LINGO-1 improve stress-induced spatial learning and memory impairments by protecting the hippocampal oligodendrocytes in stressed rats.

The effects of fluoxetine on oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus of chronic unpredictable stress-induced depressed model rats.

Depression is a mental illness which is harmful seriously to the society. This study investigated the effects of fluoxetine on the CNPase oligodendrocytes in hippocampus of the depressed rats to explore the new target structure of antidepressants. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to build chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) depressed model of rats.

Four-month treadmill exercise prevents the decline in spatial learning and memory abilities and the loss of spinophilin-immunoreactive puncta in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice.

Background: Previous studies have reported that exercise could improve the plasticity of hippocampal synapses. However, the effects of exercise on synapses in the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are not completely known.

Methods: In this study, thirty 12-month-old male APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were randomly divided into a sedentary group (n = 15) and a running group (n = 15).

Running exercise protects oligodendrocytes in the medial prefrontal cortex in chronic unpredictable stress rat model.

Previous postmortem and animal studies have shown decreases in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) volume and the number of glial cells in the PFC of depression. Running exercise has been shown to alleviate depressive symptoms. However, the effects of running exercise on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) volume and oligodendrocytes in the mPFC of depressed patients and animals have not been investigated.

Exercise improves depressive symptoms by increasing the number of excitatory synapses in the hippocampus of CUS-Induced depression model rats.

Exercise has been considered for the treatment of depression, but the mechanism by which exercise improves depression is still unclear. To clarify the mechanism, rats were randomly divided into the control, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)/standard and CUS/running groups. The rats in the CUS/running group ran for four weeks.

The effects of running exercise on oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus of rats with depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress.

Running exercise has been shown to be associated with decreased symptoms of depression. However, the mechanisms underlying these antidepressant effects of running exercise remain relatively unclear. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between depressive symptoms in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model rats treated with running exercise and changes in oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus.

Changes in white matter and the effects of fluoxetine on such changes in the CUS rat model of depression.

Objective: To explore the pathogenesis of depression and the possible mechanism of the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on the myelinated fibers and myelin sheaths in the white matter during the antidepressant action of fluoxetine.

Methods: In this study, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into a Control group, a group treated with CUS and no drugs (CUS/Standard group) and a group treated with CUS and fluoxetine (CUS/FLX group). The CUS/FLX group was treated with fluoxetine at dose of 5 mg/kg for 21 days.

Stereological Investigation of the Effects of Treadmill Running Exercise on the Hippocampal Neurons in Middle-Aged APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice.

The risk of cognitive decline during Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be reduced if physical activity is maintained; however, the specific neural events underlying this beneficial effect are still uncertain. To quantitatively investigate the neural events underlying the effect of running exercise on middle-aged AD subjects, 12-month-old male APP/PS1 mice were randomly assigned to a control group or running group, and age-matched non-transgenic littermates were used as a wild-type group. AD running group mice were subjected to a treadmill running protocol (regular and moderate intensity) for four months.

Endogenous nitric oxide regulates blood vessel growth factors, capillaries in the cortex, and memory retention in Sprague-Dawley rats.

The effects of nitric oxide (NO) on cerebral capillary angiogenesis and the regulation of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors that affect cerebral capillary angiogenesis, spatial learning, and memory ability are unclear. We assessed the effects of the NO precursor L-arginine (L-ARG) and the NO synthesis inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) on cortical capillaries and spatial learning and memory abilities. We administered intracerebroventricular injections of L-ARG or L-NAME to rats before they were evaluated in the Morris water maze.