Enhanced Osteosarcoma Immunotherapy via CaCO Nanoparticles: Remodeling Tumor Acidic and Immune Microenvironment for Photodynamic Therapy.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a "cold" tumor enriched in noninflammatory M2 phenotype tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which limits the efficacy of immunotherapy. The acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), generated by factors such as excess hydrogen (H) ions and high lactate levels, activates immunosuppressive cells, further promoting a suppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Therefore, a multitarget synergistic combination strategy that neutralizes the acidic TME and reprograms TAMs can be beneficial for OS therapy.

A nomogram for predicting invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as pure ground-glass nodules: incorporating subjective CT signs and histogram parameters based on artificial intelligence.

Purpose: To construct a nomogram based on subjective CT signs and artificial intelligence (AI) histogram parameters to identify invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma presenting as pure ground-glass nodules (pGGNs) and to evaluate its diagnostic performance.

Methods: 187 patients with 228 pGGNs confirmed by postoperative pathology were collected retrospectively and divided into pre-invasive group [atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) and adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)] and invasive group [minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) and invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC)]. All pGGNs were randomly assigned to training cohort (n = 160) and validation cohort (n = 68).

On the Effectiveness of Adversarial Training Against Backdoor Attacks.

Although adversarial training (AT) is regarded as a potential defense against backdoor attacks, AT and its variants have only yielded unsatisfactory results or have even inversely strengthened backdoor attacks. The large discrepancy between expectations and reality motivates us to thoroughly evaluate the effectiveness of AT against backdoor attacks across various settings for AT and backdoor attacks. We find that the type and budget of perturbations used in AT are important, and AT with common perturbations is only effective for certain backdoor trigger patterns.

Applications of Nano/Micromotors for Treatment and Diagnosis in Biological Lumens.

Natural biological lumens in the human body, such as blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract, are important to the delivery of materials. Depending on the anatomic features of these biological lumens, the invention of nano/micromotors could automatically locomote targeted sites for disease treatment and diagnosis. These nano/micromotors are designed to utilize chemical, physical, or even hybrid power in self-propulsion or propulsion by external forces.

Glomangiomatosis - immunohistochemical study: A case report.

Background: Glomangiomatosis (also known as diffuse glomus tumor) is extremely rare, accounting for only 5% of glomus tumors. The prevalence of glomus tumors is only 2% of soft tissue tumors. Lesions can recur after resection.

Single-cell RNA-seq recognized the initiator of epithelial ovarian cancer recurrence.

Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are sensitive to chemotherapy but will ultimately relapse and develop drug resistance. The origin of EOC recurrence has been elusive due to intra-tumor heterogeneity. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in 13,369 cells from primary, untreated peritoneal metastasis, and relapse tumors.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel fluorinated hematoporphyrin ether derivatives for photodynamic therapy.

A photosensitizer with high phototoxicity, suitable amphipathy and low dark toxicity could play a pivotal role in photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study, a facile and versatile approach was adopted to synthesize a series of novel fluorinated hematoporphyrin ether derivatives (I-I and II-II), and the photodynamic activities of these compounds were studied. Compared to hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME), all PSs showed preferable photodynamic activity against A549 lung tumor cells.

Chlorin A-mediated photodynamic therapy induced apoptosis in human cholangiocarcinoma cells via impaired autophagy flux.

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy for multiple cancers. Chlorin e6 and its derivative 13-[2'-(2-pyridyl)ethylamine] Chlorin e6 (Chlorin A) are effective photosensitizers, although their cytotoxic mechanisms have not yet been fully characterized.

Methods: Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by CCK8 assay, TUNEL assay, and Annexin V/PI staining.

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of chlorin derivatives for photodynamic therapy of cholangiocarcinoma.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been developed as a promising therapeutic method in cancer treatment. The discovery of effective photosensitizer, which is the key factor of PDT, is highly desired. This paper reports the synthesis of novel chlorin derivatives, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-[2:3]-[(methoxycarbonyl, carboxy)methano] chlorin I and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-[2:3]- {[methoxycarbonyl, (2-hydroxyethyl)amide]methano}chlorin II.

Synthesis and evaluation of novel chlorophyll a derivatives as potent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.

Chlorophyll a exhibits excellent photosensitive activity in photosynthesis. The unstability limited its application as photoensitizer drug in photodynamic therapy. Here a series of novel chlorophyll a degradation products pyropheophorbide-a derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for lung cancer in PDT.

The photodynamic activities of dimethyl 13-[2-(guanidinyl)ethylamino] chlorin e photosensitizers in A549 tumor.

Effective photosensitizers are particularly important factor in clinical photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, there is a scarcity of photosensitizers for simultaneous cancer photo-diagnosis and targeted PDT. Herein, two novel dimethyl 2-(guanidinyl)ethylamino chlorin e photosensitizers were synthesized and their efficacy in PDT in A549 tumor was investigated.

Comparison between porphin, chlorin and bacteriochlorin derivatives for photodynamic therapy: Synthesis, photophysical properties, and biological activity.

The development of novel photosensitizers is a challenging task for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Twelve novel photosensitizers (PSs), including porphins (P1-4), chlorins (C1-4) and bacteriochlorins (B1-4) were synthesized. The bacteriochlorins exhibited the longest absorption wavelength (λ = 736 nm), which is higher than that of porphins (λ = 630 nm) and chlorins (λ = 644 nm).

The photodynamic activity of 13-[2'-(2-pyridyl)ethylamine] chlorin e photosensitizer in human esophageal cancer.

A novel 13-pyridine substituted chlorin e derivative (Chlorin A) was synthesized. It has characteristic long wavelength absorption at 664 nm and the emission wavelength at 667 nm. The generation rate of singlet oxygen of this compound is higher than Temoporfin.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 17-dicarboxylethyl-pyropheophorbide-a amide derivatives for photodynamic therapy.

Three novel 17-dicarboxylethyl-pyropheophorbide-a amide derivatives as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) were synthesized from pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa). Their photophysical and photochemical properties, intracellular localization, photocytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo were investigated. All target compounds exhibited low cytotoxicity in the dark and remarkable photocytotoxicity against human esophageal cancer cells.

Synthesis and evaluation of new 5-aminolevulinic acid derivatives as prodrugs of protoporphyrin for photodynamic therapy.

Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is used as a photosensitizer in the photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer and is synthesized intracellularly from 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) precursors. Thirteen novel 5-ALA derivatives were designed and synthesized appropriately with tailored hydrophilicity and lipophilicity. The generation of PpIX was detected and their antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo was also investigated.

Preparation of a chlorophyll derivative and investigation of its photodynamic activities against cholangiocarcinoma.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a promising method for the treatment of various cancer diseases. However, the clinical application of PDT is limited due to the lack of effective photosensitizers. In this study, a novel chlorophyll derivative, N,N-bis(2-carboxyethyl)pyropheophorbide a (BPPA), had been synthesized and characterized.

Synthesis of 2-morpholinetetraphenylporphyrins and their photodynamic activities.

A series of 2-morpholinetetraphenylporphyrins functionalized with various substituents (Cl, Me, MeO group) at 4-phenyl position were prepared via nucleophilic substitution of 2-nitroporphyrin copper derivatives with morpholine by refluxing under a nitrogen atmosphere and then demetalization. Their basic photophysical properties, intracellular localization, cytotoxicities in vitro and in vivo were also investigated. All synthesized photosensitizers exhibited longer maxima absorption wavelengths than Hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME).

Tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives possessing piperidine group as potential agents for photodynamic therapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive therapeutic and promising procedure in cancer treatment and has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In the present paper, 2-piperidinetetraphenylporphyrin derivatives (P1-P3) conjugated with different substituents (Cl, Me, MeO group) at phenyl position were synthesized via nucleophilic substitution of 2-nitroporphyrin copper derivatives with piperidine by refluxing under a nitrogen atmosphere and then demetalization. The combination of H NMR, C NMR and HR-MS was used to elucidate the identities of them.

Synthesis, photophysical properties and biological evaluation of β-alkylaminoporphyrin for photodynamic therapy.

A series of β-alkylaminoporphyrins conjugated with different amines at β position (D1-D3) or with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents at phenyl position (D4-D6) were synthesized. Their photophysical and photochemical properties, intracellular localization, photocytotoxicities in vitro and vivo were also investigated. All target compounds exhibited no cytotoxicities in the dark and excellent photocytotoxicities against HeLa cells.

Clock upregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and promotes mononuclear cells adhesion to endothelial cells.

Clock is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that plays important role in circadian rhythms of various physiological functions. Previous study showed that the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was reduced in the liver tissues of Clock mutant mice. However, how Clock regulates ICAM-1 expression and whether Clock affects cell adhesion function remain unknown.