Concentrations and exposure risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk from Southern China during the first 400 days of lactation.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) pose significant health risks, particularly for infants who are highly susceptible during early life. Although several studies have reported PFASs concentrations and exposure risks in human milk in China, they typically cover only up to 3 months postpartum, failing to align with the WHO recommendation of continued breastfeeding to 2 years of age. Therefore, this study aimed to address this gap by investigating the concentrations and exposure risks of legacy and emerging PFASs in human milk collected during the first 400 days postpartum from Southern China.

Concentration and composition of odd-chain fatty acids in phospholipids and triacylglycerols in Chinese human milk throughout lactation.

Human milk represents the gold standard for infant nutrition, with approximately 50% of the energy in human milk derived from lipids. Odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs) have been recognized as a category of bioactive milk fatty acids in recent research; however, limited data exist on OCFAs in human milk. This study collected human milk samples spanning the postpartum period from 0 to 400 days.