Simulation stress model of the undersea environment activates the central nervous, neuroendocrine and immune systems and anxiety in rats.

The present study was designed to assess the stress responses to a simulation model of the undersea environment that is similar to some undersea working conditions such as submarine rescue, underwater salvage and underwater construction. Restraint, hyperbaric air and immersion were chosen to produce the simulation stress model in rats for four hours. Rats were randomized into five groups: control group, restraint (R) group, hyperbaric air (H) group, restraint plus hyperbaric air (RH) group, and restraint plus hyperbaric air plus immersion (RHI) group.

Preclinical safety assessment of antipyrine combined with lidocaine hydrochloride as ear drops.

This study was designed to assess the preclinical toxicity of antipyrine combined with lidocaine hydrochloride ear drops (ALED) and support the clinical trials of ALED in clinical settings in China. All the experiments including acute toxicity in rodents, skin sensitization toxicity in guinea pigs, skin irritation toxicity in rabbits and chronic toxicity in rats were performed according to China Food and Drug Administration guidelines. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of ALED administration for mice and rats was over (400 g antipyrine plus 100 g lidocaine hydrochloride)/kg and (240 g andtipyrine plus 60 g lidocaine hydrochloride)/kg, respectively.

Microbial transformation of hederagenin by Cunninghamella echinulate, Mucor subtilissimus, and Pseudomonas oleovorans.

The pentacyclic triterpenoid hederagenin (1) was subjected to biotransformation by Cunninghamella echinulate CGMCC 3.2000, Mucor subtilissimus CGMCC 3.2454 and Pseudomonas oleovorans CGMCC 1.

Microbial transformation of the anti-diabetic agent corosolic acid by Cunninghamella echinulata.

The pentacyclic triterpenoid corosolic acid was metabolized by Cunninghamella echinulata CGMCC 3.2000 to its C-24 aldehyde group metabolite and five other hydroxylated metabolites: madasiatic acid (2), 2α, 3β, 7β-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (3), 2α, 3β, 15α-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (4), 2α, 3β, 6β, 7β-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (5), 2α, 3β, 7β, 15α-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (6), and 2α, 3β,7β-trihydroxy-24-al-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (7); compounds 3, 5, and 7 were new compounds. The α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of the metabolites were also evaluated.

Cordyceps sinensis Oral Liquid Inhibits Damage Induced by Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation in SH-SY5Y Cells.

Context: Cordyceps sinensis has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. It has been demonstrated to have a variety of biological activities, and an extract of it has been demonstrated to possess a protective effect in occlusion-induced focal cerebral ischemia of the middle cerebral artery in rats. It could be explored as an agent for treatment of ischemic stroke, and the mechanisms need to be studied further.

Importance of riboflavin kinase in the pathogenesis of stroke.

Aims: To explore risk factors for stroke independent of hypertension and the relationship between riboflavin kinase (RFK) and stroke.

Methods: Gene expression profiling in the brains of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) was comparatively analyzed by gene chips. The differentially expressed gene RFK was further verified by q-PCR and Western blot.

Increased oxidative stress is responsible for severer cerebral infarction in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Aims: To examine the role of increased oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction in stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP).

Methods: The differentially expressed brain protein profile was examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (control group) and SHR-SP using two-dimensional fluorescent difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). In addition, oxidative stress indicators including total antioxidation capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and maleic dialdehyde (MDA) were also measured.