Potential gray matter unpruned in adolescents and young adults dependent on dextromethorphan-containing cough syrups: evidence from cortical and subcortical study.

Adolescence is a unique period in neurodevelopment. Dextromethorphan (DXM)-containing cough syrups are new addictive drugs used by adolescents and young adults. The effects of chronic DXM abuse on neurodevelopment in adolescents and young adults are still unknown.

Aberrant Resting-State Functional Connectivity Density in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Cirrhosis.

There is increasing evidence that cirrhosis may affect functional connectivity among various brain regions in patients prior to onset of overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, most investigators have focused mainly on alterations in functional connectivity strengths, and the changes in functional connectivity density (FCD) are largely unknown. Here, we investigated alterations in resting-state FCD in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis (HBV-RC) without overt HE.

Intrinsic brain network abnormalities in codeine-containing cough syrup-dependent male individuals revealed in resting-state fMRI.

Purpose: To identify codeine-containing cough syrups (CCS)-related modulations of intrinsic connectivity network (ICN) and to investigate whether these changes of ICN can be related to duration of CCS use and to impulsivity behavior in CCS-dependent individuals.

Materials And Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data in 41 CCS-dependent individuals and 34 healthy controls (HC) were scanned at 1.5T and analyzed using independent component analysis (ICA), in combination with a "dual-regression" technique to identify the group differences of three important resting-state networks, the default mode network (DMN), the executive control network (ECN), and the salience network (SN) between the CCS-dependent individuals and HC.

Larger corpus callosum and reduced orbitofrontal cortex homotopic connectivity in codeine cough syrup-dependent male adolescents and young adults.

Objectives: To characterize interhemispheric functional and anatomical connectivity and their relationships with impulsive behaviour in codeine-containing cough syrup (CCS)-dependent male adolescents and young adults.

Methods: We compared volumes of corpus callosum (CC) and its five subregion and voxel-mirrored homotopic functional connectivity (VMHC) in 33 CCS-dependent male adolescents and young adults and 38 healthy controls, group-matched for age, education and smoking status. Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS.

Aberrant interhemispheric functional and structural connectivity in heroin-dependent individuals.

Models of heroin addiction emphasize the role of disrupted frontostriatal circuitry supporting cognitive control processes. However, heroin addiction-related alterations in functional and structural interactions among brain regions, especially between the cerebral hemispheres, are rarely examined directly. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approaches, which reveal patterns of coherent spontaneous fluctuations in the fMRI signal, offer a means to quantify directly functional interactions between the hemispheres.

Short-term UROD treatment on cerebral function in codeine-containing cough syrups dependent male individuals.

Objective: To investigate alterations of resting brain function in codeine-containing cough syrups (CCS) dependent individuals before and after ultra-rapid opioid detoxification under general anaesthesia (UROD) combined with naltrexone treatment (NMT).

Methods: Fourteen CCS-dependent individuals were scanned using resting-state fMRI. After UROD and 2 weeks of NMT, CCS-dependent individuals were rescanned.

Cortical signature of patients with HBV-related cirrhosis without overt hepatic encephalopathy: a morphometric analysis.

Previous studies have shown that patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis (HBV-RC) without overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) are associated with a varying degree of cognitive dysfunction. Several resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have been conducted to explore the neural correlates of such cognitive deficits, whereas little effort has been made to investigate the cortical integrity in cirrhotic patients without OHE. Here, using cortical thickness, surface area and local gyrification index (lGI), this study performed a comprehensive analysis on the cortical morphometry of patients with HBV-RC without OHE (HBV-RC-NOHE) vs.

Anomalous gray matter structural networks in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis without overt hepatic encephalopathy.

Background And Purpose: Increasing evidence suggests that cirrhosis may affect the connectivity among different brain regions in patients before overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) occurs. However, there has been no study investigating the structural reorganization of these altered connections at the network level. The primary focus of this study was to investigate the abnormal topological organization of the structural network in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis (HBV-RC) without OHE using structural MRI.

Primary renal synovial sarcoma: computed tomography imaging findings.

Background: A synovial sarcoma arising from the kidney is extremely rare. To date, few data are available on their radiological features.

Purpose: To identify the computer tomography (CT) imaging findings of primary renal synovial sarcomas (PRSSs).

Regional homogeneity changes in hemodialysis patients with end stage renal disease: in vivo resting-state functional MRI study.

Objective: To prospectively investigate and detect early cerebral regional homogeneity (ReHo) changes in neurologically asymptomatic patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) using in vivo resting-state functional MR imaging (Rs-fMRI).

Methods: We enrolled 20 patients (15 men, 5 women; meanage, 37.1 years; range, 19-49 years) with ESRD and 20 healthy controls (15 men, 5 women; mean age, 38.

Reduced ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) volume and impaired vmPFC-default mode network integration in codeine-containing cough syrups users.

Objective: To characterize the association between clinical symptoms and anatomical and functional cerebral deficits in codeine-containing cough syrups (CCS) users using voxel-based morphometry and resting state functional connectivity analysis.

Methods: Participants were 30 CCS users and 30 matched controls. Both groups were scanned using a volumetric three-dimensional fast field echo sequence and a gradient-echo echo-planar imaging sequence.

Abnormal baseline brain activity in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis without overt hepatic encephalopathy revealed by resting-state functional MRI.

Neurocognitive dysfunction of varying degrees is common in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis (HBV-RC) without overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE). However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these dysfunctions are not well understood. We sought to identify changes in the neural activity of patients with HBV-RC without OHE in the resting state by using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) method and to determine whether these changes were related to impaired cognition.

Abnormal regional homogeneity of resting-state brain activity in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis without overt hepatic encephalopathy.

Background: Many studies have reported that cognitive deficits exist in cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE). However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these deficits are still not fully understood.

Aim: To investigate regional activity abnormalities in patients with hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis (HBV-RC) without OHE using resting-state functional MRI (Rs-fMRI), and to examine the relationship between regional activity abnormalities and impaired cognition.

The impulsivity behavior is correlated with prefrontal cortex gray matter volume reduction in heroin-dependent individuals.

Purpose: Chronic exposure to heroin induced cerebral structural abnormalities may underlie heroin-related behaviors. The aim of this study was to: (1) identify cerebral structural abnormalities in heroin-dependent individuals (HDIs) by an automated and unbiased morphometric technique. (2) Define the correlation between these cerebral structural abnormalities and the impulsivity characteristic in HDIs.

Regional homogeneity changes in heroin-dependent individuals: resting-state functional MR imaging study.

Purpose: To identify heroin-related modulations of neural activity in the resting state in heroin-dependent individuals (HDIs) by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and a regional homogeneity method and to investigate whether these changes of neural activity can be related to duration of heroin use and to decision-making deficits in HDIs.

Materials And Methods: This prospective study was approved by the appropriate ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Thirty-one HDIs receiving methadone-maintained treatment and 24 control subjects participated.

Amplitude low-frequency oscillation abnormalities in the heroin users: a resting state fMRI study.

Functional neuroimaging studies have revealed abnormal functional organization of the heroin users' brain, including reward circuit, cognitive control circuit, memory circuit, motivation and salience evaluation circuits and so on. In the current study, we aimed to explore the functional changes in the regional brain of heroin users using the amplitude of low-frequency oscillations in the Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signals. With fMRI data acquired during resting state from 24 chronic heroin users (all subjects were being treated with methadone) and 24 non-addicted controls, we investigated addiction related altered in the amplitude low-frequency fluctuate (ALFF) between the two groups.

Esthesioneuroblastoma methods of intracranial extension: CT and MR imaging findings.

Introduction: Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is an aggressive neuroectodermal malignancy in the upper nasal cavity with local infiltration and lymphatic or hematogenous metastasis. The purpose of this paper is to document three types of direct intracranial extensions by ENB using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods: Eleven patients with pathologically confirmed ENB were admitted in our hospital between December 2002 and December 2008.