Tree Shrew Cells Transduced with Human CD4 and CCR5 Support Early Steps of HIV-1 Replication, but Viral Infectivity Is Restricted by APOBEC3.

The host range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is narrow. Therefore, using ordinary animal models to study HIV-1 replication, pathogenesis, and therapy is impractical. The lack of applicable animal models for HIV-1 research spurred our investigation on whether tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis), which are susceptible to many types of human viruses, can act as an animal model for HIV-1.

Spatial illustration of health-care workforce accessibility index in China: How far has our 2009 health-care reform brought us?

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of China's health-care reform from 2009 to 2011 by examining China's annual health-care workforce statistics of 2008 and 2011.

Design: The design of the study was a secondary data analysis.

Main Outcome Measure: The main outcome measure used was the Primary Health Care Worker Accessibility Index (PHCWA).