The QTL and Candidate Genes Regulating the Early Tillering Vigor Traits of Late-Season Rice in Double-Cropping Systems.

Rice effective panicle is a major trait for grain yield and is affected by both the genetic tiller numbers and the early tillering vigor (ETV) traits to survive environmental adversities. The mechanism behind tiller bud formation has been well described, while the genes and the molecular mechanism underlying rice-regulating ETV traits are unclear. In this study, the candidate genes in regulating ETV traits have been sought by quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and bulk-segregation analysis by resequencing method (BSA-seq) conjoint analysis using rice backcross inbred line (BIL) populations, which were cultivated as late-season rice of double-cropping rice systems.

Antifungal alkaloids from the branch-leaves of Clausena lansium Lour. Skeels (Rutaceae).

Background: The rational utilization of botanical secondary metabolites is one of the strategies to reduce the application of chemical fungicides. The extensive biological activities of Clausena lansium indicate that it has the potential to develop botanical fungicides.

Results: A systematic investigation on the antifungal alkaloids from C.

Cytosine methylations in the promoter regions of genes involved in the cellular oxidation equilibrium pathways affect rice heat tolerance.

Background: High temperatures, particularly at night, decrease rice yield and quality. As high nighttime temperatures (HNTs) become increasingly frequent due to climate change, it is imperative to develop rice crops that tolerate HNTs. DNA methylation may represent a potential avenue for HNT-tolerant rice strain development, as this mechanism regulates gene activity and cellular phenotype in response to adverse environmental conditions without changing the nucleotide sequence.

High Nighttime Temperature Induces Antioxidant Molecule Perturbations in Heat-Sensitive and Heat-Tolerant Coisogenic Rice ( Oryza sativa) Strains.

Global warming-associated increases in temperature, particularly at nighttime, are detrimental to rice yield and quality. Metabolomic profiling was used to examine and compare the short-term extreme high nighttime temperature-induced molecular perturbations in rice ( Oryza sativa) coisogenic strains with contrasting heat-tolerances at the first stage of seed ripening. Compared to the heat-sensitive strain, antioxidant molecules were higher in abundance in the heat-tolerant strain, whereas the abundances of molecules involved in photosynthesis, nucleotide catabolism, and the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) cycle varied only slightly.

Quantitative iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of rice grains to assess high night temperature stress.

Rice yield and quality are adversely affected by increasing global surface temperature, and are strongly attributed to high night temperature (HNT) than high daytime temperature. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the heat-tolerant characteristics of rice remains unclear. In the present study, we compared the proteomes of heat-tolerant and -sensitive lines of rice at early milky stage using an iTRAQ method.

Transcriptome changes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to high night temperature stress at the early milky stage.

Background: Rice yield and quality are adversely affected by high temperatures, especially at night; high nighttime temperatures are more harmful to grain weight than high daytime temperatures. Unfortunately, global temperatures are consistently increasing at an alarming rate and the minimum nighttime temperature has increased three times as much as the corresponding maximum daytime temperature over the past few decades.

Results: We analyzed the transcriptome profiles for rice grain from heat-tolerant and -sensitive lines in response to high night temperatures at the early milky stage using the Illumina Sequencing method.

Comparative proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the early milky stage of rice grains during high temperature stress.

Rice yield and quality are adversely affected by high temperatures, and these effects are more pronounced at the 'milky stage' of the rice grain ripening phase. Identifying the functional proteins involved in the response of rice to high temperature stress may provide the basis for improving heat tolerance in rice. In the present study, a comparative proteomic analysis of paired, genetically similar heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive rice lines was conducted.

Identification of candidate genes related to rice grain weight under high-temperature stress.

The rise of global warming presents a problem for all living organisms, including rice and other staple plants. High temperatures impair rice grain weight by inhibiting the filling of the caryopses during the milky stage. The molecular mechanism behind this process, however, is poorly understood.

Evaluation of protocols used in 2-d electrophoresis for proteome analysis of young rice caryopsis.

In order to obtain a high-resolution electrophorogram of rice young panicle proteome, we evaluated various protocols commonly used in two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of proteins, including gel staining protocol, pH range of immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips and sample loading quantity. Results showed that a silver staining protocol using sensitized solution containing glacial acetic acid, sodium acetate and sodium thiosulfate (reported by Heukeshoven and Dernick in 1988) and a Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining method using solution containing G-250, ammonium sulfate and phosphoric acid (reported by Pink et al in 2010) demonstrated the superior staining effect. In addition, we also showed that higher resolution was achieved when IPG gel strip with pH range of 5-8 was used, compared to that with pH range of 4-7.