Enhancing pharmacogenomic data accessibility and drug safety with large language models: a case study with Llama3.1.

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) holds the promise of personalizing medical treatments based on individual genetic profiles, thereby enhancing drug efficacy and safety. However, the current landscape of PGx research is hindered by fragmented data sources, time-consuming manual data extraction processes, and the need for comprehensive and up-to-date information. This study aims to address these challenges by evaluating the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically Llama3.

Cumulative risk factors for flap failure, thrombosis, and hematoma in free flap reconstruction for head and neck cancer: a retrospective nested case-control study.

Background: Free flap construction enhances quality of life for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients; however, complications, such as thrombosis and hematoma, threaten flap survival. This study aimed to identify factors influencing flap failure, thrombosis, and hematoma.

Methods: A retrospective nested case-control study was conducted on HNC patients who underwent free flap reconstruction at a tertiary medical center between January 2019 and January 2022.

Incorporating Tissue-Specific Gene Expression Data to Improve Chemical-Disease Inference of in Silico Toxicogenomics Methods.

In silico toxicogenomics methods are resource- and time-efficient approaches for inferring chemical-protein-disease associations with potential mechanism information for exploring toxicological effects. However, current in silico toxicogenomics systems make inferences based on only chemical-protein interactions without considering tissue-specific gene/protein expressions. As a result, inferred diseases could be overpredicted with false positives.

Molecularly imprinted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction and tandem derivatization for the determination of histamine in fermented wines.

Histamine causes allergic reactions and can serve as an indicator for assessing food quality. This study designed and developed a dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (D-μSPE) method that combined the advantages of dispersive liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE). Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were employed as the solid phase in the D-μSPE method to extract histamine in wine samples.

Machine learning for predicting chemical migration from food packaging materials to foods.

Food contact chemicals (FCCs) can migrate from packaging materials to food posing an issue of exposure to FCCs of toxicity concern. Compared to costly experiments, computational methods can be utilized to assess the migration potentials for various migration scenarios for further experimental investigation that can potentially accelerate the migration assessment. This study developed a nonlinear machine learning method utilizing chemical properties, material type, food type and temperature to predict chemical migration from package to food.

In silico prediction of parkinsonian motor deficits-related neurotoxicants based on the adverse outcome pathway concept.

Exposure to neurotoxicants has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Limited by the clinical variation in the signs and symptoms as well as the slow disease progression, the identification of parkinsonian neurotoxicants relies on animal models. Here, we propose an innovative in silico model for the prediction of parkinsonian neurotoxicants.

Clinical effectiveness of beta-lactams versus fluoroquinolones as empirical therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus hospitalized for urinary tract infections: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Diabetic patients are at risk of severe urinary tract infections (UTIs). Due to the emerging resistance rates to fluoroquinolones and β-lactams, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of β-lactams versus fluoroquinolones as empirical therapy for diabetic patients hospitalized for UTIs.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a medical center in Taiwan between 2016 and 2018.

Effect of hydrophilic and lipophilic statins on early onset cataract: A nationwide case-control study.

Background: Statin is biologically plausible in cataract development, but inconclusive associations between statin and cataract are presented in human studies. Given most early onset cataract (EOC) occurs in regions with high cholesterol composition, we therefore aimed to assess the association between statin and EOC.

Methods: A population based case-control study was performed using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD).

Preparation and Evaluation of Azelaic Acid Topical Microemulsion Formulation: In Vitro and In Vivo Study.

The aim of this study was to design oil in water (O/W) microemulsion formulations for the topical administration of azelaic acid. The permeability of azelaic acid through rat skin and the anti-inflammatory activities of the formulations were conducted to examine the efficacy of the designed formulations. Skin irritation and stability tests were also performed.

Discovery of Spoilage Markers for Chicken Eggs Using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted and Targeted Foodomics.

The current approaches remain insufficient for measuring chicken egg spoilage or present analytical limitations. This study aimed to complement the existing analyses and identify novel markers using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry-based foodomics strategies. In the discovery set, comparative untargeted metabolomics was utilized to identify marker candidates in microbially inoculated chicken eggs.

Cinnamtannin B1 attenuates rosacea-like signs via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and down-regulation of the MAPK pathway.

Background: Rosacea is a common inflammatory disease of facial skin. Dysregulation of innate immunity with enhanced inflammation and increased abundance of LL-37 at the epidermal site is a characteristic feature of rosacea. Cinnamtannin B1 (CB1) is a condensed tannin with anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities.

Computational identification of preservatives with potential neuronal cytotoxicity.

Preservatives play a vital role in cosmetics by preventing microbiological contamination for keeping products safe to use. However, a few commonly used preservatives have been suggested to be neurotoxic. Cytotoxicity to neuronal cells is commonly used as the first-tier assay for assessing chemical-induced neurotoxicity.

Ultrasound-Vortex-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection for Determining UV Filters in Cosmetics and the Human Stratum Corneum.

This study explores the amounts of common chemical ultraviolet (UV) filters (i.e., avobenzone, bemotrizinol, ethylhexyl triazone, octocrylene, and octyl methoxycinnamate) in cosmetics and the human stratum corneum.

Correction: Progress of electrospray ionization and rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometric techniques for the broad-range identification of microorganisms.

Correction for 'Progress of electrospray ionization and rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometric techniques for the broad-range identification of microorganisms' by Suresh Kumar Kailasa et al., Analyst, 2019, 144, 1073-1103, DOI: 10.1039/C8AN02034E.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Activity Constituents from the Stem of .

One new dibenzocycloheptene, validinol (), and one butanolide firstly isolated from the natural source, validinolide (), together with 17 known compounds were isolated from the stem of . Among the isolates, lincomolide A (), secosubamolide (), and cinnamtannin B1 () exhibited potent inhibition on both superoxide anion generation (IC values of 2.98 ± 0.

A population-based study of the association between hemodialysis and cognitive impairment.

Introduction: End-stage renal disease is a serious public health issue. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the association between hemodialysis and cognitive impairment, while controlling for age, sex, residence, and comorbidities.

Methods: This study assesses the risk of cognitive impairment among a nationwide cohort of new hemodialysis patients derived from the NHIRD.

Identification of Time-Invariant Biomarkers for Non-Genotoxic Hepatocarcinogen Assessment.

Non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (NGHCs) can only be confirmed by 2-year rodent studies. Toxicogenomics (TGx) approaches using gene expression profiles from short-term animal studies could enable early assessment of NGHCs. However, high variance in the modulation of the genes had been noted among exposure styles and datasets.

Curation of cancer hallmark-based genes and pathways for in silico characterization of chemical carcinogenesis.

Exposure to toxic substances in the environment is one of the most important causes of cancer. However, the time-consuming process for the identification and characterization of carcinogens is not applicable to a huge amount of testing chemicals. The data gaps make the carcinogenic risk uncontrollable.

Is colistin-associated acute kidney injury clinically important in adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Colistin is the last-resort antimicrobial agent against infections caused by multidrug-resistance Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB). However, a differing risk of colistin-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) has been demonstrated without affecting mortality, thus the association and its importance needs to be questioned. To assess the impact of this adverse effect, a meta-analysis comparing colistin with other antibiotics in treating MDR-GNB infections was conducted.

Microwave-assisted derivatization combined with coacervative extraction for determining glutathione in biomatrix samples, followed by capillary liquid chromatography.

In this study, an ecofriendly analytical method was developed for determining glutathione (GSH) levels in biomatrix samples. 9-(bromomethyl)acridine was used for the first time as a derivatization reagent in GSH analysis. Microwave-assisted derivatization reduced the reaction time to 1 min.

Progress of electrospray ionization and rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometric techniques for the broad-range identification of microorganisms.

Several non-culture molecular (multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays, DNA microarrays, massive parallel DNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, microbiome profiling, and molecular typing of pathogens) and analytical (electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and mass spectrometry) tools have been developed in recent years for the identification of bacteria and diagnosis of bacterial infections from clinical samples. Among mass spectrometric techniques, electrospray ionization (ESI) and rapid evaporative ionization (REI) mass spectrometric (MS) techniques have attracted much attention in the identification of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses), and in the diagnosis of various bacterial infections. This review highlights the developed ESI-MS-based methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with ESI-MS and capillary electrophoresis (CE) and liquid chromatography (LC)-ESI-MS, for the identification of microorganisms (pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses) in various samples.

Design of Peptide-Based Probes for the Microscale Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce oxidative stress and are associated with cell death and chronic diseases in organisms. In the treatment of disease, drugs that induce ROS are associated with many side effects and unpleasant symptoms. Therefore, during the assessment of new drugs and candidate compounds, ROS generation is an issue of concern, because ROS can modify proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids within organisms and alter their biological functions.

Identification of informative features for predicting proinflammatory potentials of engine exhausts.

Background: The immunotoxicity of engine exhausts is of high concern to human health due to the increasing prevalence of immune-related diseases. However, the evaluation of immunotoxicity of engine exhausts is currently based on expensive and time-consuming experiments. It is desirable to develop efficient methods for immunotoxicity assessment.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Taiwanese Species on Th1 and Th2 Functionality.

species, medicinal plants belonging to Lauraceae, contain rich alkaloids, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, and triterpenoids which possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. However, species differences in the immunomodulatory effects and evidence pertaining to the effects of species on adaptive immunity are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of ten Taiwanese plants on T helper (Th) cell functionality, especially Th1 and Th2.