Pre-treatment of rapamycin transformed M2 microglia alleviates traumatic cervical spinal cord injury via AIM2 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo.

Background: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is still devastating. It was suggested that the inhibition of mTOR may alleviate neuronal inflammatory injury but its underlying mechanism remained to be elucidated. AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) recruits ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) and caspase-1 to form the AIM2 inflammasome, activate caspase-1, and elicit inflammatory responses.

Blood Pressure Variability Associates with Six-Month Outcomes in Acute Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: An Analysis of 105 Patients.

Objective: Blood pressure variability (BPV) has been shown to correlate with poor outcomes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and traumatic brain injury. However, this association has not been elucidated in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI). We hypothesized that 24-hour BPV from time of admission is associated with worse outcomes in patients with cSCI.

Expression of TNF‑α and IL‑β can be suppressed via the PPAR‑γ/mTOR signaling pathway in BV‑2 microglia: A potential anti‑inflammation mechanism.

Currently, microglia are considered as crucial factors in suppressing inflammatory reactions, but the specific molecular mechanism remains unknown. To elucidate whether peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ (PPAR‑γ) can inhibit neuroinflammatory cytokine expression via the mTOR signal pathway, the BV‑2 cell line was incubated with lipopolysaccharide (10 mM/ml) to induce an inflammatory injury. PPAR‑γ was activated by rosiglitazone, and was inhibited by GW9662.

Biotransformation of bufadienolides by cell suspension cultures of Saussurea involucrata.

The biotransformation of three bioactive bufadienolides, namely, bufotalin (1), telocinobufagin (2), and gamabufotalin (3) by cell suspension cultures of Saussurea involucrata yielded 11 products. Bufotalin yielded 3-epi-bufotalin (1a), 3-epi-desacetylbufotalin (1b), 3-epi-bufotalin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (1c), 1β-hydroxybufotalin (1d), and 5β-hydroxybufotalin (1e); telocinobufagin yielded 3-dehydroscillarenin (2a), 3-dehydrobufalin (2b), and 3-epi-telocinobufagin (2c); and gamabufotalin yielded 3-epi-gamabufotalin (3a), 3-dehydrogamabufotalin (3b), and 3-dehydro-Δ¹-gamabufotalin (3c), respectively. Among these 11 products, 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 3a and 3c are previously unreported.