A meta-analysis of risk of pregnancy loss and caffeine and coffee consumption during pregnancy.

Background: Previous reports of the relationship between pregnancy loss and caffeine/coffee consumption have been inconsistent.

Objectives: To evaluate the association between pregnancy loss and caffeine and coffee consumption.

Search Strategy: PubMed was searched for reports published before September 2014, with the keywords "caffeine," "coffee," "beverage," "miscarriage," "spontaneous abortion," and "fetal loss.