New research development on trans fatty acids in food: Biological effects, analytical methods, formation mechanism, and mitigating measures.

The trans fatty acids (TFAs) in food are mainly generated from the ruminant animals (meat and milk) and processed oil or oil products. Excessive intake of TFAs (>1% of total energy intake) caused more than 500,000 deaths from coronary heart disease and increased heart disease risk by 21% and mortality by 28% around the world annually, which will be eliminated in industrially-produced trans fat from the global food supply by 2023. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the biological effects, analytical methods, formation and mitigation measures of TFAs in food.

Investigating the amount of TFAs, CLAs and ω6/ω3 of various brands of corn oil heated at different time-temperature treatments.

A qualitative and quantitative analysis of fatty acids (TFAs), conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) and linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (ω6/ω3) in eleven different brands of fresh and heated corn oil was investigated. Corn oil was subjected to thermal treatment at 180, 210 and 230 °C for 4, 8 and 12 h. The kinds of fatty acids were almost the same in all eleven brands of corn oil, but there were differences in the quantities of TFAs, CLAs and ω6/ω3 among the brands.

Highly sensitive method for the quantification of trans-linolenic acid isomers in trilinolenin of edible oils using an ionic liquid capillary column.

Background: The polarities of linolenic acid isomers are very similar, and only a few studies to date have attempted to separate α-linolenic acid (ALA) isomers completely. The aim of this study was to fill this gap by developing and validating an accurate method for the analysis of ALA isomers in trilinolenin at 200, 220 and 240 °C using a gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector equipped with an SLB-IL111 capillary column.

Results: Results showed that eight ALA isomer standards were separated effectively using these optimized gas chromatographic conditions.

The impact of technical cashew nut shell liquid on thermally-induced trans isomers in edible oils.

The effects of technical cashew nut shell liquid (TCNSL) on the trans isomerization of edible oils during heating are investigated. Edible oils were subjected to thermal treatment at various heating times and temperatures. Our results show that the addition of TCNSL to edible oils at the appropriate concentration during heating suppresses trans fatty acid formation and induces formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers.

Reaction pathway mechanism of thermally induced isomerization of 9,12-linoleic acid triacylglycerol.

Background: To clarify the formation mechanism of trans linoleic acid isomers in edible oils during the heating process, trilinolein and trilinoelaidin, as representative oils, were placed in glass ampoules and sealed before heating at 180, 240 and 320 °C. The glass ampoules were removed at regular time intervals, and the contents were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The samples were then subjected to derivatization into their methyl esters for gas chromatographic analysis.

Temporal changes of radiocesium in irrigated paddy fields and its accumulation in rice plants in Fukushima.

About half of the total paddy field area, which is the dominant agricultural land in Fukushima Prefecture, was contaminated by radiocesium released by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. In this study, we investigated the temporal changes of radiocesium in soil, irrigation water, and rice plant in two adjacent rice paddies, with and without surface-soil-removal, in Fukushima Prefecture for over three years (2012-2014) after the nuclear accident. Our results showed that radiocesium migrated into 24-28 cm soil layers and that the activity concentration of radiocesium in paddy soils showed a significant reduction in 2014.

Development of a novel biosensor based on F(0)F(1)-ATPase for the detection of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone in irradiated beef.

A novel biosensor regulated by the rotator of F0F1-ATPase was developed to analyze 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) to detect γ-ray irradiated beef rapidly. The biosensor was assembled by conjugating 2-DCB monoclonal antibodies with the "rotator" ε-subunit of F0F1-ATPase within chromatophores through an ε-subunit monoclonal antibody-biotin-avidin-biotin linker. The limit of detection (LOD) of 2-DCB was approximately 10(-8) μg/mL.

Assessment of radiological risk for marine biota and human consumers of seafood in the coast of Qingdao, China.

This paper reports the levels of (226)Ra, (232)Th, (40)K and (137)Cs in the edible parts of 11 different marine species collected from the Qingdao coast of China. The activities of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K ranged from 0.08±0.

Complexation of synthetic CDM-AM copolymer with natamycin and carbendazim to improve solubility and fungicidal activity.

The β-cyclodextrin-acrylamide (CDM-AM) copolymer was prepared from acrylamide and β-CD maleate (CDM) using K2S2O8 as initiator. The effects of the CDM-AM copolymer on the solubility and fungicidal activity of natamycin (NM) and carbendazim (MBC) were investigated. The stability constant of NM·CDM-AM and MBC·CDM-AM complexes at 303 K were of 10,725.

Synthesis of two β-cyclodextrin derivatives containing a vinyl group.

β-CD maleate (CDM) and β-CD itaconate (CDI) were prepared by esterification of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with maleic acid and itaconic acid using phosphate as a catalyst in a semi-dry process. The esterification of β-CD was carried out using [Itaconic acid ] or [Maleic acid ] 4 mol/mol of CD; M/L ratio 1:0.6; temperature 110 °C; [4-methoxyphenol] 2.

Impact of additives on thermally-induced trans isomers in 9c,12c linoleic acid triacylglycerol.

Trilinolein, with or without additives, was placed in glass ampoules and subjected to thermal treatment at 180 °C or 240 °C for 8h. Thermal treatment of trilinolein at 180 °C and 240 °C produced twice the amount of trans nonconjugated linoleic acids (NLAs) compared to conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), and nitrogen stream reduced the amount of both trans NLA and CLA products. The presence of additives resulted in the suppression or induction of trans NLAs and CLAs, depending on the type of additive, the concentration of the additive, and the heating temperature.

Development of a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on monoclonal antibodies for the detection of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone in irradiated beef.

A highly sensitive and specific competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) based on monoclonal antibodies was developed for the detection of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB), a chemical marker for irradiated lipid-containing foods. 2-Oxocyclobutane undecanoic acid was used as an alternative to 2-DCB and conjugated to BSA and OVA via a conventional carbodiimide condensation reaction to prepare the immunogen and the coating antigen for 2-DCB. The monoclonal antibody against 2-DCB was obtained using the hybridoma technique, with a high specificity and low cross-reactivity for 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-TCB; <8%) and other structurally related compounds (<0.

[Analysis of Spirulina powder by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and calculation of protein content].

Spirulina, Spirulina powder and dextrin standard were analyzed and identified by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The main components, protein (1 657 and 1 537 cm(-1)) and carbohydrate (1 069 and 1054 cm(-1)), had distinct fingerprint characteristics of IR spectra. By comparing the IR spectra of Spirulina, Spirulina powder and dextrin standard, the dominant nutrition in Spirulina powder was identified as protein and carbohydrate.

Thermally induced isomerization of linoleic acid in soybean oil.

The molecular mechanisms of the thermally induced cis/trans isomerization of the non-conjugated linoleic acids (C18:2) were investigated in a combined experimental and computational study of C18:2 isomers. C18:2 isomers in soybean oil heated at two temperatures (180 and 220 ° C) were analyzed by GC method. C18:2-9c, 12t and C18:2-9t,12c were both the main trans isomers in heated soybean oil.

Determination of thermally induced trans-fatty acids in soybean oil by attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography analysis.

The intake of edible oil containing trans-fatty acids has deleterious effects mainly on the cardiovascular system. Thermal processes such as refining and frying cause the formation of trans-fatty acids in edible oil. This study was conducted to investigate the possible formation of trans-fatty acids because of the heat treatment of soybean oil.

A novel biosensor regulated by the rotator of F₀F₁-ATPase to detect deoxynivalenol rapidly.

A novel biosensor (immuno-rotary biosensor) was developed by conjugating deoxynivalenol (DON) monoclonal antibodies with the "rotator" ε-subunit of F(0)F(1)-ATPase within chromatophores with an ε-subunit monoclonal antibody-biotin-avidin-biotin linker to capture DON residues. The conjugation conditions were then optimized. The capture of DON was based on the antibody-antigen reaction and it is indicated by the change in ATP synthetic activity of F(0)F(1)-ATPase, which is measured via chemiluminescence using the luciferin-luciferase system with a computerized microplate luminometer analyzer.

Structure elucidation and toxicity analyses of the radiolytic products of aflatoxin B1 in methanol-water solution.

The identification of the radiolytic products of mycotoxins is a key issue in the feasibility study of gamma ray radiation detoxification. Methanol-water solution (60:40, v/v) spiked with aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1); 20 mg L(-1)) was irradiated with Co(60) gamma ray to generate radiolytic products. Liquid chromatography-quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied to identify the radiolytic products of AFB(1).