Comparison of Caudal Block vs. Penile Block vs. Intravenous Fentanyl Only in Children Undergoing Penile Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Double Blind Study.

Penile surgery is commonly performed in pediatric surgical centers. There is no consensus regarding which analgesic method is most effective in controlling pain in these children. Consecutive children between 4 months and 16 years of age who underwent elective penile surgery were recruited.

Spatial regulation of cell adhesion in the Drosophila wing is mediated by Delilah, a potent activator of βPS integrin expression.

In spite of our conceptual view of how differential gene expression is used to define different cell identities, we still do not understand how different cell identities are translated into actual cell properties. The example discussed here is that of the fly wing, which is composed of two main cell types: vein and intervein cells. These two cell types differ in many features, including their adhesive properties.

Drug management in emergent liver transplantation of mitochondrial disorder carriers: review of the literature.

Background: Mitochondrial respiratory-chain disorders (MRCD) lead to progressive disabling of neurological and cellular conditions that involve muscles, brain, kidney, and liver dysfunction. Affected individuals may need surgery, including orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Surgery poses anesthesia challenges because of the prolonged use of anesthetic drugs and sedatives, which may inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, mimic mitochondrial cytopathic disorders, or unveil them ex novo.

Intrasplenic preconditioning: a model for the study of xenostimuli accommodation.

Background: Discordant xenotransplantation, the grafting of organs from one phylogenic species to another, results in hyper-acute rejection (HAR). HAR is associated with the deposition of recipient preformed xenoreactive natural antibodies and complement on the endothelium of the donor organ, leading to activation and apoptosis of the endothelium, an event associated with xenograft rejection. Endothelial resistance to HAR, termed "accommodation," an active protection of graft endothelium, may be achieved by previous stimulation of endothelial cells by discordant xenoantibodies.

Vipera aspis venom reduces lethality and down-regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a rat model of LPS-induced sepsis.

Objectives: Sepsis and septic shock are major causes of morbidity and mortality in critically-ill patients. Sepsis constitutes the systemic response to infection, that is predominantly mediated by the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Hence, cytokine modulation provides a promising target for the treatment of sepsis.

The proprioceptive and contractile systems in Drosophila are both patterned by the EGR family transcription factor Stripe.

Coordinated locomotion of Drosophila larvae depends on accurate patterning and stable attachment to the cuticle of both muscles and proprioceptors (chordotonal organs). Unlike muscle spindles in mammals, the fly chordotonal organs are not embedded in the body-wall muscles. Yet, the contractile system (muscles and tendons) and the chordotonal organs constitute two parts of a single functional unit that controls locomotion, and thus must be patterned in full coordination.