Unveiling Corrosion Pathways of Sn Nanocrystals through High-Resolution Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy.

Unveiling materials' corrosion pathways is significant for understanding the corrosion mechanisms and designing corrosion-resistant materials. Here, we investigate the corrosion behavior of Sn@NiSn and Sn nanocrystals in an aqueous solution in real time by using high-resolution liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. Our direct observation reveals an unprecedented level of detail on the corrosion of Sn metal with/without a coating of NiSn at the nanometric and atomic levels.

Study on the Recognition of Coal Miners' Unsafe Behavior and Status in the Hoist Cage Based on Machine Vision.

The hoist cage is used to lift miners in a coal mine's auxiliary shaft. Monitoring miners' unsafe behaviors and their status in the hoist cage is crucial to production safety in coal mines. In this study, a visual detection model is proposed to estimate the number and categories of miners, and to identify whether the miners are wearing helmets and whether they have fallen in the hoist cage.

Functional Characterization of Largemouth Bass () Soluble FcγR Homolog in Response to Bacterial Infection.

Fc receptors (FcRs) are key players in antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) with their specific recognition of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin. Despite reports of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis in mammals, little is known about the effects of soluble FcγRs on the immune response. In this study, FcγRIα was cloned from the largemouth bass () (MsFcγRIα).

Fcγ receptor-mediated phagocytosis pathway was involved in phagocytosis of mIgM B lymphocytes from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

The potential for phagocytosis has been proven in teleost B cells, but the research on the regulatory mechanism of phagocytosis remains lacking. In this study, three largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) (15 ± 5 g) were injected intraperitoneally with Nocardia seriolae (10  CFU/100 μl/fish) in vivo, and their spleen was collected at 72 h post-infection for mRNA-seq. After the de novo assembly of the paired-end reads, 73,622 unigenes were obtained.

Swap motion-directed twinning of nanocrystals.

Twinning frequently occurs in nanocrystals during various thermal, chemical, or mechanical processes. However, the nucleation and propagation mechanisms of twinning in nanocrystals remain poorly understood. Through in situ atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy observation at millisecond temporal resolution, we show the twinning in Pb individual nanocrystals via a double-layer swap motion where two adjacent atomic layers shift relative to one another.

Defect-mediated ripening of core-shell nanostructures.

Understanding nanostructure ripening mechanisms is desirable for gaining insight on the growth and potential applications of nanoscale materials. However, the atomic pathways of nanostructure ripening in solution have rarely been observed directly. Here, we report defect-mediated ripening of Cd-CdCl core-shell nanoparticles (CSN) revealed by in-situ atomic resolution imaging with liquid cell transmission electron microscopy.

Analysis of phagocytosis by mIgM lymphocytes depending on monoclonal antibodies against IgM of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides).

The phagocytic actives of B cells in fish have been proven in recent years. In this study, five positive hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against largemouth bass IgM were produced. Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) demonstrated that five MAbs could specifically recognize membrane-bound IgM (mIgM) molecule of largemouth bass.

Social networks and cognitive function in older adults: findings from the HAPIEE study.

Background: Social networks are associated with better cognitive health in older people, but the role of specific aspects of the social network remains unclear. This is especially the case in Central and Eastern Europe. This study examined associations between three aspects of the social network (network size of friends and relatives, contact frequency with friends and relatives, and social activity participation) with cognitive functions (verbal memory, learning ability, verbal fluency, processing speed, and global cognitive function) in older Czech, Polish, and Russian adults.

Publisher Correction: Alloying conducting channels for reliable neuromorphic computing.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Alloying conducting channels for reliable neuromorphic computing.

A memristor has been proposed as an artificial synapse for emerging neuromorphic computing applications. To train a neural network in memristor arrays, changes in weight values in the form of device conductance should be distinct and uniform. An electrochemical metallization (ECM) memory, typically based on silicon (Si), has demonstrated a good analogue switching capability owing to the high mobility of metal ions in the Si switching medium.

Flat Bands and Mechanical Deformation Effects in the Moiré Superlattice of MoS-WSe Heterobilayers.

It has recently been shown that quantum-confined states can appear in epitaxially grown van der Waals material heterobilayers without a rotational misalignment (θ = 0°), associated with flat bands in the Brillouin zone of the moiré pattern formed due to the lattice mismatch of the two layers. Peaks in the local density of states and confinement in a MoS/WSe system was qualitatively described only considering local stacking arrangements, which cause band edge energies to vary spatially. In this work, we report the presence of large in-plane strain variation across the moiré unit cell of a θ = 0° MoS/WSe heterobilayer and show that inclusion of strain variation and out-of-plane displacement in density functional theory calculations greatly improves their agreement with the experimental data.

Honeycombed Au@C-TiOcatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic mineralization of Acid red 3R under visible light.

The mineralization of organic pollutants under visible light is challenging, limiting the practical application of photocatalytic technology in wastewater treatment. To achieve the efficient mineralization of Acid red 3R (AR3R), a series of honeycombed catalysts (TiO, C-TiO, Au@TiO and Au@C-TiO) were prepared via a facile in situ synthetic method and characterized by XRD, TEM, BET, XPS and DRS, respectively. The introduction of C and Au species promote the simultaneous generation of •O and •OH over Au@C-TiO under visible light radiation.

Graphene-assisted spontaneous relaxation towards dislocation-free heteroepitaxy.

Although conventional homoepitaxy forms high-quality epitaxial layers, the limited set of material systems for commercially available wafers restricts the range of materials that can be grown homoepitaxially. At the same time, conventional heteroepitaxy of lattice-mismatched systems produces dislocations above a critical strain energy to release the accumulated strain energy as the film thickness increases. The formation of dislocations, which severely degrade electronic/photonic device performances, is fundamentally unavoidable in highly lattice-mismatched epitaxy.

Pocketlike Active Site of Rh/MoS Single-Atom Catalyst for Selective Crotonaldehyde Hydrogenation.

Selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes to unsaturated alcohols is a valuable but challenging task for synthesizing fine chemicals. We report that single Rh atoms anchored to the edges of 2D MoS sheets can efficiently convert crotonaldehyde to crotyl alcohol with 100% selectivity via a steric confinement effect of pocketlike active sites. Characterization results suggest that the synthesized Rh/MoS single-atom catalysts (SACs) possess a unique geometric and electronic configuration, which confines the adsorption mode of the reactant molecule by a steric effect.

Stable and Active Oxidation Catalysis by Cooperative Lattice Oxygen Redox on SmMnO Mullite Surface.

The correlation between lattice oxygen (O) binding energy and O oxidation activity imposes a fundamental limit in developing oxide catalysts, simultaneously meeting the stringent thermal stability and catalytic activity standards for complete oxidation reactions under harsh conditions. Typically, strong O binding indicates a stable surface structure, but low O oxidation activity, and . Using nitric oxide (NO) catalytic oxidation as a model reaction, we demonstrate that this conflicting correlation can be avoided by cooperative lattice oxygen redox on SmMnO mullite oxides, leading to stable and active oxide surface structures.

Ligand-induced reduction concerted with coating by atomic layer deposition on the example of TiO-coated magnetite nanoparticles.

Atomic layer deposition is a chemical deposition technology that provides ultimate control over the conformality of films and their thickness, even down to Ångström-scale precision. Based on the marked superficial character and gas phase process of the technique, metal sources and their ligands shall ideally be highly volatile. However, in numerous cases those ligands corrode the substrate or compete for adsorption sites, well-known as side reactions of these processes.

Efficient Synthesis of Furfural from Biomass Using SnCl₄ as Catalyst in Ionic Liquid.

Furfural is a versatile platform molecule for the synthesis of various chemicals and fuels, and it can be produced by acid-catalyzed dehydration of xylose derived from renewable biomass resources. A series of metal salts and ionic liquids were investigated to obtain the best combination of catalyst and solvent for the conversion of xylose into furfural. A furfural yield of 71.

Higher superconducting transition temperature by breaking the universal pressure relation.

By investigating the bulk superconducting state via dc magnetization measurements, we have discovered a common resurgence of the superconducting transition temperatures (Ts) of the monolayer BiSrCuO (Bi2201) and bilayer BiSrCaCuO (Bi2212) to beyond the maximum Ts (Ts) predicted by the universal relation between T and doping () or pressure (P) at higher pressures. The T of underdoped Bi2201 initially increases from 9.6 K at ambient to a peak at 23 K at 26 GPa and then drops as expected from the universal T-P relation.

Polarity governs atomic interaction through two-dimensional materials.

The transparency of two-dimensional (2D) materials to intermolecular interactions of crystalline materials has been an unresolved topic. Here we report that remote atomic interaction through 2D materials is governed by the binding nature, that is, the polarity of atomic bonds, both in the underlying substrates and in 2D material interlayers. Although the potential field from covalent-bonded materials is screened by a monolayer of graphene, that from ionic-bonded materials is strong enough to penetrate through a few layers of graphene.

Biological Event Trigger Identification with Noise Contrastive Estimation.

Biological Event Extraction is an important task towards the goal of extracting biomedical knowledge from the scientific publications by capturing biomedical entities and their complex relations from the texts. As a crucial step in event extraction, event trigger identification, assigning words with suitable trigger category, has recently attracted substantial attention. As triggers are scattered in large corpus, traditional linguistic parsers are hard to generate syntactic features from them.

Quantum Transport and Band Structure Evolution under High Magnetic Field in Few-Layer Tellurene.

Quantum Hall effect (QHE) is a macroscopic manifestation of quantized states that only occurs in confined two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) systems. Experimentally, QHE is hosted in high-mobility 2DEG with large external magnetic field at low temperature. Two-dimensional van der Waals materials, such as graphene and black phosphorus, are considered interesting material systems to study quantum transport because they could unveil unique host material properties due to the easy accessibility of monolayer or few-layer thin films at the 2D quantum limit.

Dislocation driven spiral and non-spiral growth in layered chalcogenides.

Two-dimensional materials have shown great promise for implementation in next-generation devices. However, controlling the film thickness during epitaxial growth remains elusive and must be fully understood before wide scale industrial application. Currently, uncontrolled multilayer growth is frequently observed, and not only does this growth mode contradict theoretical expectations, but it also breaks the inversion symmetry of the bulk crystal.

Quantum-Confined Electronic States Arising from the Moiré Pattern of MoS-WSe Heterobilayers.

A two-dimensional (2D) heterobilayer system consisting of MoS on WSe, deposited on epitaxial graphene, is studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy at temperatures of 5 and 80 K. A moiré pattern is observed, arising from lattice mismatch of 3.7% between the MoS and WSe.

Ab Initio Study on Surface Segregation and Anisotropy of Ni-Rich LiNiCoMnO (NCM) (y ≤ 0.1) Cathodes.

Advances in ex situ and in situ (operando) characteristic techniques have unraveled unprecedented atomic details in the electrochemical reaction of Li-ion batteries. To bridge the gap between emerging evidences and practical material development, an elaborate understanding on the electrochemical properties of cathode materials on the atomic scale is urgently needed. In this work, we perform comprehensive first-principle calculations within the density functional theory + U framework on the surface stability, morphology, and elastic anisotropy of Ni-rich LiNiCoMnO (NCM) (y ≤ 0.

Realizing Large-Scale, Electronic-Grade Two-Dimensional Semiconductors.

Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are of interest for next-generation electronics and optoelectronics. Here, we demonstrate device-ready synthetic tungsten diselenide (WSe) via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition and provide key insights into the phenomena that control the properties of large-area, epitaxial TMDs. When epitaxy is achieved, the sapphire surface reconstructs, leading to strong 2D/3D (i.